Huggins, William

Huggins, William. 1903a. Letter to William Ramsay. July 19, 1903. Sir William Ramsay Papers, University College London. 

Since this was the period when chemists like William Allen Miller and Edward Frankland were cooperating with astronomers like William Huggins and Norman Lockyer on spectroscopic surveys of the sun and stars, it was easy to speculate (as Brodie himself did) that some of his symbols that carried no earthly elementary meaning, snch as x, might represent elementary materials present in the sun, where dissociation constantly occnrred. 

W. Huggins, The Scientific Papers of Sir William Huggins (London, 1909), 49, in a footnote to a paper originally published in 1864. 

The first attempts to study the Martian atmosphere by spectroscopic means were carried out in 1867, by the French astronomer hy Pierre Jules Janssen (1824-1907) and the English astronomer Sir William Huggins (1824-1910). The two scientists were unable to detect the presence of any elements or compounds in their research, however. More than four decades later, the American astronomer W. W. Campbell (1862-1938) searched the Martian atmosphere for water vapor and, failing to find any, concluded that the planet had a much thinner atmosphere than that of Earth, a hypothesis that proved to be correct. 

Note that the Flory-Huggins expression for the entropy of mixing of polymer and solvent corresponds to volume fraction statistics. This should be compared with the analogous mole fraction statistics that are exhibited by ideal minimolecules in the Bragg-Williams approximation. Mole fraction statistics are inappropriate to polymer-solvent systems because the disparity in molecular weights means that the mole fraction of solvent is always close to unity, except at extremely high polymer volume fractions. 

Fig. IS. Cloud-point conversion as a function of the volume fraction of CO in a DGEBA-EDA system for two different reaction temperatures. Full lines are theoretical predictions from the Flory Huggins equation using x(T) from Eq. (35) (Reprinted from Polymer International, 30, R.A. Ruseckaite, R.JJ. Williams, Castor-oil-modified epoxy resins as model systems of rubber-modified thermosets. 1 Thermodynamic analysis of the phase separation, 11-16, Copyright (1993), with kind permission from the Society of Chemical Industry, London, UK)...

Fig. 19. Experimental doud points and CPC and spinodal (S) cnrves calculated with the Hory-Huggins equation, assuming that the interaction parameter decreases with conversion according to Eq. (40). Curve A represents the CPC calculated using the initial value of the interaction parameter, assumed constant (Reprinted from Polymer, M, J. Borrajo, C.C. Riccardi, R.JJ. Williams, Z.Q. Cao, J.P. Pascault, Rubber-modified cyanate esters thermodynamic analysis of phase separation, 3541-3547, Copyright (1995), with kind permission from Butterworth-Hejnemarm Journals, Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Lan ord Lane, Kidlington 0X5 1GB, UK)...

TEIJI TSURUTA, MAURICE L. HUGGINS AND WILLIAM J. BAILEY... 

The Plory-Huggins theory is a generalization of the BRAGG-WILLIAMS" approximation in the lattice model of binary solutions. The polymer is considered to consist of X segments equal in size to a solvent molecule. Hence x is the ratio of molar volumes of the polymer and solvent. N2 polymer molecules and Nj solvent molecules are placed randomly on a lattice of coordination number z. The volume fractions of solvent and polymer are then... 

The phenomena of ionic migration were first clearly stated and demonstrated experimentally by Wilhelm Hittorf (Bonn 27 March 1824-Munster, 28 November 1914), professor of physics and chemistry in Munster, Westphalia. He was elected an honorary member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1888, van t Hoff being elected in 1892 and Ostwald in 1894. He did important work on cathode rays (1869) and received the Hughes medal of the Royal Society in 1903, the President (Sir William Huggins) saying that Hittorf s first paper on the migration of the ions marks an epoch in our knowledge of electrolysis . ... 

Maurice Huggins, Raymond Fuoss, Leslie Treloar, G. Stafford Whitby, Roelof Houwink, Walter Stockmayer, John Ferry, Bruno Zimm, Paul Doty, Richard Stein and William O. Baker. The number of stories that can be told about this period in the development of polymer science is very much larger than the page limit for this book. 

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