Hovenia dulcis

Only 15 newly reported simple dihydroflavonols are listed in Table 15.9. Several of the compounds are just simply the C-3 epimers of known (2i ,3i )-dihydroflavonols, e.g., (2R,3S)-3-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone (329) from the fern Woodsia scopulina (Dryopterida-ceae), (2i ,3S)-3,5,3, 4 -tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (3-epipadmatin, 333) from Inula graveolens (Asteraceae),(2i ,3S)-3,5,3 -trihydroxy-7,4 -dimethoxyflavanone (337) from Lannea coromandelica (Anacardiaceae), and (2i ,3S)-3,5,7,3, 4, 5 -hexahydroxyflavanone (hovenitin III, 338) from the seeds and fruits of Hovenia dulcis (Rhamnaceae). The previously known (2i ,3i )-stereoisomer of hovenitin III has the trivial name ampelopsin. The same plant source has yielded the (27 ,37 )- and (27 ,3S)-epimers of 3,5,7,4, 5 -pentahydroxy-3 -methoxyflavanone, which are known as hovenitins I (340) and II (341), respectively. ... 

Hovenitin III Hovenia dulcis Rhamnaceae Seed, fruit 235... 

Yoshikawa, M. et al.. Bioactive constituents of Chinese natural medicines. III. Absolute stereostructures of new dihydroflavonols, hovenitins I, II and III, isolated from Hoveniae Semen Sen Eructus, the seed and fruit of Hovenia dulcis Thumb. (Rhamnaceae) inhibitory effect on alcohol-induced muscular relaxation and hepatoprotective activity, Yakugaku Zasshi, 117, 108, 1997. 

Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Zhi Bei Zi (Japanese raisin tree) (stem bark) Ebelin lactone, hovenosides, potassium malate, potassium nitrate.27-50 For rectal diseases, constipation, infantile convulsions, antispasmodic, febrifuge. 

Alkaloids have been found in the family and several species known to be positive were also identified in this study Alphitonia macrocarpa, Ceanothus americanus (2/2), C. integerrimus (1/2), Hovenia dulcis (1/3), Zizyphus jujuba (1/3), Z. maurilania (2/4), Z. mucronata (3/7), Z. oenoplia. 

Hovenia (Hovenia dulcis Thubg) honey resembles linden honey but is somewhat darker. It has a strong aroma and very agreeable flavor. 

M7cd (47) from P. ginseng and chikusetsusaponins LT5, LTg, and LN4 from the leaves of P. japonicus The latter are 3,20-glycosides of (20S)-dammar-24-ene-3/3,20-diol-12-one (48). The full structures of hovenosides D, G, and I, saponins based on jujubogenin (49) from the root bark of Hovenia dulcis, have been elucidated. 

Subsequent to the isolation of the dammarane-type triterpenoid glycosides jujuboside B (112), hodulosides I-V (113-117), hovenoside I, and saponins C2, E, and H (122-125) as sweetness inhibitors from the leaves of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. var. tomentella Makino [139], hodulosides VII-X (118-121) were isolated as sweetness-inhibitory agents [140]. Hodulosides I (113) and II (114) have hovenolactone (151) as their aglycone which is the same compoimd as in saponins E (124) and H (125). Hodulosides Ill-V and VII-X (115-121) are based on two different danunarane-type aglycone structures, however [139,140]. The sweetness-inhibitory potencies of hodulosides are shown in Table 2. The sweetness-inhibitory potency of hoduloside X (121) was not determined [140]. 

Hodulcin Inhibits sweet taste. Glycoside isolated from the leaves of Hovenia dulcis. 

Furthermore hoveniodulciosides Al, A2, B1 and B2 (70-73), from 16,17-seco-dammarane triterpene glycosides from Chinese drug Hovenia dulcis were found to inhibit the histamine release from rat peritoneal exsudate cells induced by compound 48/80 and calcium ionophore A-23187 [93],... 

Several natural products are known to modify the sense of sweet taste. Such compounds can be either sweetness inhibitors or sweetness inducers/enhancers. A review of Suttisri et al., 1995 summarizes data on phytochemistry and biological activity of more than 40 triterpenoid sweetness inhibitors based on the oleanane and dammarane skeletons. These saponins were isolated from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, Zizyphus jujuba and Hovenia dulcis [224]. Recently, antisweet oleanane-type saponins were isolated from Stephanotis lutchuensis vm. japonic a [225]. 

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