Horizontal grate

An experimental PBC system has been constructed according to the guidelines of the new measurement method modelled in Paper III. The PBC system comprises a conversion system, a combustion chamber, a flue gas duct, and a measurements system. The conversion system, which is the object of the measurement method, has the following conversion concept updraft, overfired, batch, and fixed horizontal grate. 

The batch conversion of wood fuels with the following conversion concept overfired, updraft, fixed horizontal grate, and batch reactor, has proven to be highly dynamic and stochastic with respect to mass flow and stoichiometry of conversion gas as well as the air factors of the conversion and combustion system. 

The conversion concept of Rogers PBC system was overfired, updraft, fixed horizontal grate, and cylindrical batch reactor (see Figure 1). 

They used a vertical cylindrical pot furnace of batch type, like Rogers. Two conversion concepts were simulated (a) overfired, updraft, fixed horizontal grate, and batch reactor and (b) underfired, updraft, fixed horizontal grate, and batch reactor. The diameter was 178 mm and primary air was supplied under the grate (Figure 7). A mirror was placed above the overbed section to be able to observe the combustion behaviour. 

The experiments were carried out in the commonly used cylindrical vertical pot furnace (Figure 8). The conversion concept was overfired, updraft, fixed horizontal grate, and batch reactor. The furnace dimensions were 250 mm i.d. and 300 mm in height. The furnace was constructed in two sections, here called conversion system and combustion chamber. This was one simple solution to be able to weigh the mass loss of the packed bed. 

Gort applied a typical pot reactor with vertical cylindrical shape. The conversion concept of Gort s conversion reactor was updraft, over-fired, fixed horizontal grate, and batch reactor. The reactor casing had a inner diameter of 0.3 m and a height of 0.8 m. The design of Gort s pot furnace is very similar to Koistinen et al s. 

Axell has studied two types of conversion concepts (1) over-fired, updraft, fixed horizontal grate, and batch reactor (see Figure 11 A) and (2) downdraft, underfired, fixed horizontal grate, and batch reactor (see Figure 1 IB). 

A. Fixed horizontal grate B. Moving horizontal grate... 

Figure 20 Two examples of grate systems (A) fixed horizontal grate (B) moving horizontal grate.

Thermal methods Sinter formation Feed of ore fines, pulverized fuel, waste dusts and flux is moistened, mixed to a nodular texture and ignited on a horizontal grate to form an agglomerated sinter cake. Sintering Continuous sinter strand (travelling grate)... 

The narrow grate 1 forms the recuperation zone. The then following wider horizontal grate 2 is the precooling zone, to which preheated "duotherm" air is supplied, The clinker breaker installed behind this grate extends across the full width of the cooler After-cooling of the broken clinker is accomplished on the horizontal grate 3. 

This type of cooler is used mainly for clinker throughputs of 2500t/day and upwards. It comprises and inclined grate, a short horizontal grate, an interposed clinker breaker, and a long horizontal grate. 

This AMAZONE exchanger consists of a bundle of synthetic textile cables, 1,5 mm in diameter, vertically tightened between two horizontal grates. Sprinklers placed above the top grate are spraying water... 

Figure 10-15. Output vs. input energy characteristic of our laser device. The horizontal dashed curve indicates the zero line. A clear laser threshold behavior at an excitation pulse energy ol 1.5 nJ is observed. Below the lasing threshold only isotropic phololuminesccncc is entitled. Above threshold the device emits low divergence single mode laser emission perpendicular to the surface, as schematically shown in the inset. The laser light is polarized parallel to the grating lines.

Figure 37 A horizontal chain grate transporting a fuel bed. [42]...

Color Plate 24 Polychromator for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer with One Detector for All Elements (Section 21-4) Light emitted by a sample in the plasma enters the polychromator at the upper right and is dispersed vertically by a prism and then horizontally by a grating. The resulting two-dimensional pattern of wavelengths from 165 to 1 000 nm is detected by a charge injection device detector with 262 000 pixels. All elements are detected simultaneously. [Courtesy TJA Solutions, Franklin, MA.J... 

The diffraction gratings used in rainbow glasses have lines etched vertically and horizontally, which makes the colors appear to the left and right, above and below, and in all corners as well. A compact disc behaves as a diffraction grating because its surface contains many rows of microscopic pits. 

Figure 7.10 First- and second-order fluorescence spectra of anthracene observed through a grating monochromator. Horizontal axis, wavelength in nm vertical axis, fluorescence intensity in arbitrary units...

---