Homographs

PlOC-4 The kinetics of self-poisoning of Pd/Al203 catalysis in the hydrogenolysis of cyclopentane is discussed in J. Catal, 54, 397 (1978). Is the effective diffu-sivity used realistic Is the decay homographic The authors claim that the deactivation of the catalyst is independent of metal dispersion. If one were to determine the specific reaction rate as a function of percent dispersion, would this information support or reject the authors hypotheses ... 

Let us consider a homographic transformation on the variable x which leaves the origin invariant, because we expand near this point, x = 0 ... 

Homographs Words that are spelled the same but have different pronunciations or meanings ... 

Actually, this is true only for homographic transformations for which there is complete conformal invariance. Thus, for example, the equality = 0 remains true only for homographic transformations. 

Tc = critical temperature ioH — acentric factor of the homograph of the component... 

This relation, which is called the Langmuir isotherm, demonstrates that the percentage coverage of the surface is a homographic function of pressure. This... 

The rate here is independent of time (the process is equivalent to a stationary state), rather, it is a homographic function of pressure. 

In fact, if we consider Figure 9.54b, which displays the response of the ECONOX sensor as a function of the NOx concentration, it appears that this response follows a homographic law, which implies a much greater sensitivity at low concentrations. 

Ambiguity occurs in many different guises. The most basic is homograph ambiguity, where two words share the same form. In cases such as... 

The next three chapters of the book deal with how to extract linguistic information from the text input. This chapter can covers various pre-processing issues, such as how to find whole sentences in running text or how to handle text various markup or control information in the text. Chapter 5 describes the main processes of text analysis itself, such as how to resolve homograph ambiguity. 

Homograph resolution Determination of the correct underlying word for any ambiguous... 

Again it is intuitive to think of these as two different words they mean different things, are spelt differently and are used differently. Pairs such as these are termed homophones and as with the homograph example, it is only a historical quirk that these have the same spoken form, they are not related in any other way. Consider now the following ... 

Thus words can be considered homographs if only one of their written forms is the same. A single word can also have phonetic variants, and this is found in words such as either and economic ... 

Homographs are sets of words which share the same text form. There are three reasons why homographs arise ... 

In both semiotic classification and homograph disambiguation, our goal is to assign a label to each token, where the label is drawn from a pre-defined set. This process is one of classification, which as we shall see, crops up all the time in TTS to the extent that we use a number of basic approaches again and again for various TTS problems. 

For text genres dominated by natural language text, and in situations where very little training data is available, this approach may be adequate for semiotic classification. This is less likely to work for homographs, but again depending on the language, the level of errors may be acceptable. 

We will consider the full issue of how to train an HMM in Section 15.1.8. For now, let us simply assume that we can calculate the transition probabilities and observation probabilities by simply counting occurrences in a labelled database. To see how the tagging operates consider the issue of resolving the classic POS homograph record. This can be a norm or a verb, and a trained HMM would tell us for instance ... 

Homographs are cases where two words share the same text form. In cases where the words differ in prommciation, we must find the correct word. In natural language homographs arise for three reasons ... 

Accidental homographs arise because completely words such as bass-fish and bass-music just happen to share llie same text form bass. 

Part-of-speech homographs arise fi om words which have a similar sematic root, but where their use as a norm or verb gives them a different pronunciation. For instance PROJECT-NOUN and PROJECT-VERB bolli share the same text form pro j ect but are pronounced differently. 

Abbreviation homographs arise because as we use fewer characters in abbreviations, we are more likely to use the same text encoding as for another abbreviated word. Hence we find that while door, doctor and DRIVE all have the quite separate full text forms of door, doctor, drive, but all share an abbreviated text form dr. 

Regardless, the general approach is to use one of the token disambiguation techniques described in Section 5.2.1. Here we discuss some of the specifics of homograph disambiguation. 

We can summarise the procedure for building a homograph disambiguation system as follows ... 

Compare text forms and construct a list of homograph tokens... 

Most tokens are not in fact homographs, and we will now outline how these non-homograph tokens... 

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