Holistic approach defined

Finally, defining a chemical s action and potential toxicity removed from its natural source is blatantly wrong. We must adapt a more integrated and holistic approach to risk assessment. Some of these concepts are embedded in cur-... 

In summary, XAS has been essential in shaping our current knowledge of the sulfite oxidase family, in part because of the availability of structural information on the oxidized enzyme, whereas the crystal structures are of photoreduced enzyme, and only the Mo(v) oxidation state can be probed by EPR and derivative methods such as ESEEM. As experimental capabilities for XAS improve, we anticipate that high-resolution XAS will play an increasingly important role in our understanding of these complex systems, together with a holistic approach to structure (Section 4.3.4) in which XAS plays a part in defining the most accurate picture possible of the active site. 

The product lifecycle of modem products is defined and influenced by subject matter experts of many disciphnes. As explained in Chaps. 4 and 8, it is also the subject of socio-technical considerations. The self-evolving discipline of integration gains a new level of importance as trans-disciplinarity. Trans-disciplinarity covers the deep integration of various forms of research or expertise to create a holistic approach [8]. As the prefix trans indicates, trans-disciplinarity concerns issues that are between the disciplines, across the different disciplines, and beyond each individual disciphne simultaneously. When for instance contrary targets exist, trans-disciplinarily can help determine the most relevant problems and solution approaches. It shares capabilities like interdependence with the network-centric world [2]. 

Churchland seems to suggest that the directionality derives from the concept of reduction I take this to suggest that in virtue of the reductive link, we will expect the reducing theory to explain the old one and so forth. Thus, these explanation-relations enter the game in virtue of reduction, such that we should not expect the reduction model to be (illuminatingly) definable via ejfects of the instantiation of a reduction relation. Based on the non-holistic model of reduction developed in Chap. 5, we will be in a position to argue against holistic approaches as follows On the non-holistic account developed here, we can in fact account for why we should expect at least some cases of reductions to exhibit these features. On the holistic account, these features are left unexplained. An explanation is called for, and any notion of reduction that yields such an explanation is more fundamental than the holistic one. 

The first step in a holistic approach for SFE system design is defining a mathematical process model. From the defined proeess model a mechanical design of the device is achieved, taking into account critical constraints. After the mechanical design is finished the eleetronic system is projected according... 

A second point on which the authors in this anthology agree is that reductionism, as successful as it has been on a host of counts, is seriously inadequate. It must be supplemented with more holistic science. To understand nature in all its vicissitudes, methods from the most reductionist to the least reductionist must be used. Hence, anti-reductionists are forced, like it or not, to advocate pluralism. For example, Robert Williams concludes that We must not despise reductionism. However, it has to be put in a proper perspective . Too often reductionism and anti-reductionism are presented as if they are in diametric opposition when all that separates them is degree of emphasis. As Alfred Tauber observes, reductionism and holism cannot be defined in isolation from each other. An unsteady balance exists between the two. Holism and reductionism are inexorably coupled and cannot be defined independent of each other . As a result, like so many other contributors to this volume, he embraces a pluralistic approach . 

This test could conceivably be performed holistically, as part of the injection reproducibility test (defined later). Using retention time as an indicator, such an approach would work provided the retention time for a test component was very stable from week to week. However, this is often not that easy to control consistently, since one often encounters column/mobile phase variations and other variables. Therefore, flow accuracy is typically not tested in this manner. 

A theoretical foundation of molecular similarity analysis is the assumption of neighborhood behavior ,which refers to the tendency of molecules with globally similar structures to exhibit similar biological activity. The well-known similarity-property principle (SPP) of Johnson and Maggiora expresses this paradigm and promotes a holistic view of molecular structure and properties. Molecular similarity applications assume that chemical similarity can be related to biological activity in a meaningful manner. However, the success of this approach ultimately depends on the way molecular similarity is defined. 

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