History, Polymers carbon

For completeness, after discussing the histories of carbon fibers derived from cellulose, PAN, and pitch, the category of "other precursors" should be covered. The tremendous activity in carbon fiber research and development is reflected in the large number of precursors which have been converted into carbon fibers. Besides the "big three", the list [34] includes phenolic polymers, phenol formaldehyde resin, furan resins [35], polyacenaphthalene, polyacrylether, polyamide, polyphenylene, polyacetylene, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polybenzimidazonium salt, polytriazoles, modified... 

Mei, Z., and Chung, D.D.L., Thermal History of Carbon-Fiber Polymer-Matrix Composite, Evaluated by Electrical Resistance Measurement , Thermochinuca Acta, 369, 87-93,2011. 

The polymer is exposed to an extensive heat history in this process. Early work on transesterification technology was troubled by thermal—oxidative limitations of the polymer, especially in the presence of the catalyst. More recent work on catalyst systems, more reactive carbonates, and modified processes have improved the process to the point where color and decomposition can be suppressed. One of the key requirements for the transesterification process is the use of clean starting materials. Methods for purification of both BPA and diphenyl carbonate have been developed. 

Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and its corresponding polymers poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (vinyl butyral) (PVB) have long been known and their histories of discovery and development are as closely linked as their chemistries, which are characterised by an all-carbon polymer backbone and by 1,3-diol structures or their... 

THE USE OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS to accumulate organic components from water for analytical and bioassay purposes is reviewed in this chapter. This review is given perspective by including a brief history of adsorption chromatography, the use of activated carbons in water research, and the recent introduction of bonded phases for aqueous sample preparations. 

Random walks on square lattices with two or more dimensions are somewhat more complicated than in one dimension, but not essentially more difficult. One easily finds, for instance, that the mean square distance after r steps is again proportional to r. However, in several dimensions it is also possible to formulate the excluded volume problem, which is the random walk with the additional stipulation that no lattice point can be occupied more than once. This model is used as a simplified description of a polymer each carbon atom can have any position in space, given only the fixed length of the links and the fact that no two carbon atoms can overlap. This problem has been the subject of extensive approximate, numerical, and asymptotic studies. They indicate that the mean square distance between the end points of a polymer of r links is proportional to r6/5 for large r. A fully satisfactory solution of the problem, however, has not been found. The difficulty is that the model is essentially non-Markovian the probability distribution of the position of the next carbon atom depends not only on the previous one or two, but on all previous positions. It can formally be treated as a Markov process by adding an infinity of variables to take the whole history into account, but that does not help in solving the problem. 

Armand (1994) has briefly summarised the history of polymer electrolytes. A more extensive account can be found in Gray (1991). Wakihara and Yamamoto (1998) describe the development of lithium ion batteries. Sahimi (1994) discusses applications of percolation theory. Early work on conductive composites has been covered by Norman (1970). Subsequent edited volumes by Sichel (1982) and Bhattacharya (1986) deal with carbon- and metal-filled materials respectively. Donnet et al. (1993) cover the science and technology of carbon blacks including their use in composites. GuF (1996) presents a detailed account of conductive polymer composites up to the mid-1990s. Borsenberger and Weiss (1998) discuss semiconductive polymers with non-conjugated backbones in the context of xerography. Bassler (1983) reviews transport in these materials. 

Carbon black, initially used as pigment in ink, has the longest history of all the materials discussed in this book. It was produced in China about 3000 B.C. and exported to Japan around 500 A.D. But only in the last 50 years has the technological development in both carbon black production and processing of rubber and polymers resulted in the tremendous variety of products which we know today. 

Organometallic polymers, in contrast to coordination polymers, have metal-to-carbon bonds. They are the topic of this chapter. Three seminal events provided the foundation for the field of organometallic polymers to develop. The landmark discovery of ferrocene by Kealy and Pauson in 1951 marked the first organometallic compound.11 This was quickly followed by the full elucidation of its structure and an understanding of its reactivity by Wilkinson, Rosenblum, Whiting, and Woodward.12,13 This history was celebrated in a 2001 feature article in Chemical and Engineering News 4 Finally, the first polymerization of an organometallic compound was reported by Arimoto and Haven at Dupont Co. in 1955.15,16 Vinylferrocene 1... 

The copolymerization of ethylene and carbon monoxide to give alternating copolymers has attracted considerable interest in both academia and industry over recent decades [1, 2]. Attention was focused on aliphatic polyketones such as poly(3-oxotrimethylene) (1) because of the low cost and plentiful availability of the simple monomers. The new family of thermoplastic, perfectly alternating olefin/ carbon monoxide polymers commercialized by Shell provides a superior balance of performance properties not found in other commercial materials the an ethylene/ propene/CO terpolymer is marketed by Shell imder the tradename Carilon . About the history of polyketones see Refs. [3-11],... 

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