History catalytic applications

Industrial catalysis, based on man-made catalysts, developed its own history which is briefly summarised in Section 1.2. The roots of biocatalysis and biocat-alytic processes are completely different, notwithstanding the early recognition that fermentation processes are in essence of a catalytic nature. The relationship between biocatalysis and organic chemistry is close. It is really quite recently that biocatalysis and man-made catalysis have become part of the same context. This is mainly the result of increasing interest in catalytic applications to fine chemicals. 

A closer look on the history of the development of catalyst 52 shows that this class of compounds was to some degree predestined for the application of NHCs. Complex 51 containing triphenylphosphines is an active catalyst for olefin metathesis. However, the substitution of the triphenylphosphines by more electron-donating and sterically more demanding tricyclohexylphosphines is accompanied by a significantly increased stability and catalytic performance " Thus, complexes of type 53 58,2S5 logical development with respect... 

Engstrom and Carlsson already introduced in 1983 an SLPT [119] for the characterisation of MIS structures, which was extended to chemical gas sensors by Lundstrom et al. [26]. Both SLPT and LAPS base upon the same technique and principle. However, due to the different fields of applications in history, one refers to LAPS for chemical sensors in electrolyte solutions and for biosensors, and the SLPT for gas sensors. A description of the development of a hydrogen sensor based on catalytic field-effect devices including the SLP technique can be found, e.g., in Refs. [120,121]. The SPLT consists of a metal surface as sensitive material which is heated by, for instance, underlying resistive heaters to a specific working-point temperature, and a prober tip replaces the reference electrode (see Fig. 5.10). 

Despite the fact that the [2 + 2] -photocycloaddition reaction of enones has a history of more than 100 years, it has remained a vital and attractive reaction. The continuing interest and many applications to increasingly more complex targets not only bear testimony to its utility but also contradict the myth that photochemical reactions are nonselective and unpredictable. It would be desirable if this most useful chemistry could also be appreciated in the life sciences industry. The first blockbuster drug to be synthesized via a [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition is yet to be developed. Apart from the conventional evolution of the reaction, which involves an increase in scope and an improvement in its practical execution [154], it is expected that sensitization - as a means of catalyzing photochemical reactions in general [155-157] - will become a dominant factor in the development of catalytic enantioselective [2 + 2]-photo-cycloaddition variants. 

Recently, iron catalysis gained general importance. Its catalytic chemistry has been summarized ([2] recent reviews [3, 4]). Iron(II) and iron(III) salts have a long history in radical chemistry. The former are moderately active in atom-transfer reactions as well as initiators for the Fenton reaction with hydrogen peroxide or hydroperoxides (reviews [5-12]). Important applications of this principle are the Kharasch-Sosnovsky reaction (the allylic oxidation of olefins) [13], which often... 

H. Heinemann History of Industrial Catalysis The first chapter reviews industrial catalytic developments, which have been commercialized during the last fourty years. Emphasis is put on heterogeneous catalytic processes, largely in the petroleum, petrochemical and automotive industries, where the largest scale applications have occurred. Homogeneous catalytic processes are briefly treated and polymerization catalysis is mentioned. The author concentrates on major inventions and novel process chemistry and engineering (79 references). 

History—Occurrence—Formation—Preparation—Concentration of Solutions— Physical Properties — Chemical Properties — Catalytic Decomposition — Decomposition with Self-reduction—Oxidation Processes—Applications. 

Cinchona alkaloids are readily available natural chiral compounds and have a long history to be utilized as organocatalysts in asymmetric catalysis [3, 4]. They are multifunctional, tunable, and more importantly, they could promote a diversity of reactions through different catalytic mechanisms, which make them privileged catalysts in organocatalysis. In this chapter, the applications of cinchona alkaloids and their derivatives for asymmetric cydoaddition reactions after 2000, especially for the construction of a variety of five- and six-membered cyclic compounds, are discussed. 

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