High schematic description

Figure 2. (a) Schematic description for the growth of dendrite crystals on a Li surface. The film consisting of decomposition products as shown in Scheme 1 prevents the growth of large granular crystals but rather promotes the formation of treelike dendrites, (b) Schematic description for the formation of isolated lithium particles from Li dendrites. The uneven dissolution of the dendrites leaves lithium crystals detached from the lithium substrate. The isolated lithium crystals become electrochemically dead but chemically reactive due to their high surface area. 

Theoretical consideration of the IR spectroscopy of monolayers adsorbed on a metal surface showed that the reflection-absorption spectrum is measured most efficiently at high angles of incidence, and that only parallel component of incident light gives measurable absorption species (23). Figure 4 presents a schematic description of a monomolecular film on a mirror, with the incident light and direction of the polarization. Figure 5 presents, in detail, an alkyl thiol molecule on a metal surface. Note the direction of the different transition dipoles. Thus, while both the... 

Addition of polymers can both stabilize and destabilize a solution. If the polymer contains ionizable units it is usually referred to as a polyelectrolyte. In this report we will focus on the effect from polyelectrolytes on the colloidal stability. In high dielectric media like water, where the monomers are ionized, the behavior of a polyelectrolyte is mainly governed by electrostatics and the connectivity of the monomers. Therefore, in theoretical studies, many important features of the polyelectrolyte behavior in water solution can be studied by a schematic description of the polyelectrolyte as a linear chain of charged monomers connected with springs. The bonding interaction between two monomers is Ub=K(r —a)2, where K is the spring constant, a is the equilibrium value and r is the distance between the two monomers (see Fig. 11). 

Schematic description of a continuous extraction mode and a delayed pulsed extraction mode in an linear time-of-flight mass analyser, o = ions of a given mass with correct kinetic energy = ions of the same mass but with a kinetic energy that is too high. Delayed pulsed extraction corrects the energy dispersion of the ions leaving the source with the same mjz ratio.

Thermal diffusion separation can be used to characterize the differences in composition and quality obtained by RHC. Fig. 8.3 is a schematic description of the thermal diffusion separation apparatus. In thermal diffusion separation, two concentric tubular walls are separated by a small gap and each wall is maintained at a different temperature. The difference in temperature creates thermal convection current, which allows the separation of the liquid consistent by their density. At equilibrium, the low density molecules are concentrated at the top of the separation device and the high density molecules accumulate at the bottom. Using a collection of 10 ports distributed along the length of the external tube, samples are collected and analyzed for VI and composition. As expected, low density molecules are essentially paraffinic whereas high density molecules are more aromatic in nature. 

Fig. 7. A schematic description of the influence of an applied magnetic field on the cage effect of geminate triplet radical pairs. In the absence of the field, all three triplet levels can undergo intersystem crossing to yield singlet radical pairs. At high fields (H > a, where a is the hyperfine coupling constant) only T0 can intersystem cross to singlet...

Fig. 16.4 Schematic description of the Integrated (On-line Coupled) Modelling System for Predicting Atmospheric Composition Enviro-HIRLAM (Environment - High Resolution Limited Area Model)...

From this schematic description of coupled transport, it follows that metal species can be transported across the membrane against their concentration gradient. This type of uphill transport will continue until all the metal species, which can permeate the SLM, have been transferred from the feed to the strip side, provided the driving force of the process is maintained. This simation often occurs in practice when very dilute solutions of metal species are involved or when the concentration of the chemicals responsible for the driving force is continuously adjusted to keep it constant. It follows that in an SLM permeation process very high concentration factors can be obtained by using a volume of the strip solution that is much lower than that of... 

Figure 1. Schematic description showing that a KAM toms can or cannot block the global motion of a chaotic orbit in low- (left) or high-dimensional (right) phase space.

Fig. 5 Commercially available ultrafiltration apparatus for pressures up to 6 bar. On the right-, the low molecular species accumulate together with the solvent in the Erlenmeyer flask, whereas the high molecular species are retained by the membrane. Via the tube on the upper side the cell can be set under pressure. On the left schematic description...

A schematic description of the shape of the crack for the linear elastic case and for the PSA case is shown in Fig. 22.18 and although a discussion of the effect of high strains and viscoelasticity on the crack shape are beyond the scope of this paper, the interested reader is referred to the work of Hui and Jagota [58] or Newby et al. [59] on that topic. 

Fig. 2. Schematic description of the spin structures in the heavy rare earth metals. The initial high-T ordering, in all except the ferromagnet Gd, is to an incommensurate periodic spin order with propagation direction along the c-axis. CAM (c-axis modulation) is a structure in which the c-axis components of the moment are sinusoidally modulated which evolves into the APD (quasi anti-phase domain) in Er in which a gradual squaring-up of the c-axis moment occurs with additional order appearing in the basal plane. The temperatures of the transitions are from magnetization and neutron diffraction data. (After Legvold 1980.)...

Fig. 9.40. Schematic description of high-harmonic generation in atoms [9.252]...

Figure 12.19 Schematic description of the ioad-deformation curve of a hybrid composite with high modulus (steel) and low modulus fibre (polyethylene) (after Kobayashi and Cho [100]).

Figure 10.4 Schematic representation of the multidimensional GC-IRMS system developed by Nitz et al. (27) PRl and PR2, pressure regulators SV1-SV4, solenoid valves NV— and NV-I-, needle valves FID1-FID3, flame-ionization detectors. Reprinted from Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 15, S. Nitz et al, Multidimensional gas cliro-matography-isotope ratio mass specti ometiy, (MDGC-IRMS). Pait A system description and teclinical requirements , pp. 387-391, 1992, with permission from Wiley-VCFI.

MIM or SIM [82-84] diodes to the PPV/A1 interface provides a good qualitative understanding of the device operation in terms of Schottky diodes for high impurity densities (typically 2> 1017 cm-3) and rigid band diodes for low impurity densities (typically<1017 cm-3). Figure 15-14a and b schematically show the two models for the different impurity concentrations. However, these models do not allow a quantitative description of the open circuit voltage or the spectral resolved photocurrent spectrum. The transport properties of single-layer polymer diodes with asymmetric metal electrodes are well described by the double-carrier current flow equation (Eq. (15.4)) where the holes show a field dependent mobility and the electrons of the holes show a temperature-dependent trap distribution. 

Intermolecular lateral interactions and resulting collectivized vibrations of individual adsorbed molecules greatly add to the complexity of description for local vibrational excitations in adsorbates. Fig. 4.5 schematically demonstrates that these interactions on a simple planar lattice of adsorbed molecules which vibrate with high (toh) and low (co/) frequencies lead to the emergence of the corresponding energy bands, with energy levels classified by the wave vector K. 

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