Spectroscopy high-resolution optical

Microwave spectroscopy can determine the magnitude of V6 in S0 but not the sign, since the potential well is too small to localize even the m = 0 wavefunction. S, <— S0 absorption spectra of cold molecules with 1 cm"1 resolution can reveal the magnitude of V6 in S, a technique pioneered by Ito and coworkers.4 Pratt and coworkers7 and Miller and coworkers8 have made major contributions to the high-resolution optical spectroscopy of rotor-containing molecules. 

Trimers and larger clusters involving open-shell monomers with spatially degenerate ground states are experimentally investigated by high-resolution optical spectroscopies and by photoelectron spectroscopy. On the theory side Chalasinski... 

Triplet Emitters for OLED Applications and the Role of Spin-Orbit Coupling A Study Based on High-Resolution Optical Spectroscopy... 

A great deal of what we know about the low energy excited states of the carotenoids involved in photobiology can be traced to the high-resolution optical spectroscopy of model polyenes. The organization of this chapter parallels the recent evolution of the field and, in large part, follows the... 

Schulten K, Ohmine I and Karplus M (1976) Correlation effects in the spectra of polyenes. J Chem Phys 64 4422-4441 Shreve AP, Trautman JK, Owens TG and Albrecht AC (1991) A femtosecond study of electronic state dynamics of fucoxanthin and implications for photosynthetic carotenoid-to-chlorophyll energy transfer mechanisms. Chem Phys 154 171-178 Simpson JH, McLaughlin L, Smith DS and Christensen RL (1987) Vibronic coupling in polyenes High resolution optical spectroscopy of u//-trans-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-hexadecaheptaene. J Chem Phys 87 3360-3365... 

Moerner W E 1996 High-resolution optical spectroscopy of single molecules in solids Acc. Chem. Res. 29 563-71... 

Lupei V, Lupei A, Tiseanu C, Georgescu S, Stoicescu C, Nanau PM (1995) High-resolution optical spectroscopy of YAG Nd a test for structural and distribution models. Phys Rev B 51 8-17... 

A coirplete understanding of the role of carbohydrates in biological systems requires knowledge of the distribution at equilibrium of the various conformers in aqueous solution. The conformational behavior of carbohydrates in solution can be examined from different vantage points (1,), but the most relevant approach is, no doubt, study of dilute solutions themselves. At present, high resolution NMR spectroscopy is the primary tool for determination of three-dimensional structure of oligosaccharides in solution. Optical rotation is also very sensitive to conformation (2) and there is a new, semi-enqpirical theory of optical rotation of oligosaccharides ( ). 

Although exceedingly useful, the application of OS is not without problems. Optical spectra in condensed media consist of broad bands without identifying features structural information can be derived by comparison with known species, or by high-resolution laser spectroscopy. The TR-OS is often limited to wavelengths >300 nm, excluding some prototypes of the most interesting species. 

Analysis of chemical conversion and cure chemistry is another way of studying network structures. Several techniques are used for this purpose, e.g., optical spectroscopy [12], high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and titration of non-reacted functional groups. The spectroscopic methods can be used for quantitative analysis of crosslinks [13-15]. Chemical conversion is usually closely related to the network density. However, no exact quantitative information on the network structure can be obtained because reacted groups can form... 

While the early optical measurements suffered from limited resolution, the development of atomic beam methods provided a useful tool in the study of atomic and nuclear magnetic moments [ 12,13] (for a review see [ 14]) and it became possible to measure the nuclear magnetic moments (and nuclear spins) in a direct way for both stable and radioactive isotopes, by using a variety of methods ] 15]. The study of optical IS was, however, limited to Doppler-limited optical spectroscopy until the invention of the laser and the development of suitable high-resolution optical methods (a review can be found in [16]). It is also possible to obtain information on the nuclear charge distribution by electron scattering experiments and from muonic X-ray transitions and electron K X-ray IS [17], perhaps even with a higher accuracy than with optical spectroscopy. 

Radford (1961, 1962) and Radford and Broida (1962) presented a complete theory of the Zeeman effect for diatomic molecules that included perturbation effects. This led to a series of detailed investigations of the CN B2E+ (v — 0) A2II (v = 10) perturbation in which many of the techniques of modern high-resolution molecular spectroscopy and analysis were first demonstrated anticrossing spectroscopy (Radford and Broida, 1962, 1963), microwave optical double resonance (Evenson, et at, 1964), excited-state hyperfine structure with perturbations (Radford, 1964), effect of perturbations on radiative lifetimes and on inter-electronic-state collisional energy transfer (Radford and Broida, 1963). A similarly complete treatment of the effect of a magnetic field on the CO a,3E+ A1 perturbation complex is reported by Sykora and Vidal (1998). The AS = 0 selection rule for the Zeeman Hamiltonian leads to important differences between the CN B2E+ A2II and CO a/3E+ A1 perturbation plus Zeeman examples, primarily in the absence in the latter case of interference effects between the Zeeman and intramolecular perturbation terms. 

In order to obtain conclusive results one normally focuses on a single transition and detects the emitted fluorescence photons bearing the fine structure information. This is achievable by dye lasers or tunable laser diodes. In some setups the light travels collinearly to fast atomic beams which has some advantages with respect to spectral resolution [44]. The technique of fast ion beam spectroscopy has been applied to numerous measurements on rare earth ions, e.g. [45-49]). Some more recent high-resolution optical hfs measurements include Ta [50], [51] and the noble gas Xe [52] illustrate these advanced... 

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, [14th Symposium on High-Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy, 2003],... 

---