High-mass practical aspects

For those readers who are not yet familiar with mass spectrometry, the introduction provides an explanation of the basics of mass spectrometry and its instrumentation as well as practical aspects and applications in bioanalysis. Next, a block of three chapters shows different affinity selection procedures suitable to identify hits from combinatorial compound libraries. This subject, being metaphorically speaking a search for a needle in a haystack, is of outstanding relevance for big pharma . The techniques described here offer real high throughput capabilities and are implemented already in the routine industrial screening... 

The use of solid electrolytes in batteries and fuel cells is another important application. Examples are zirconia based fuel cells and sulphur batteries with Na-/ -A1203 as electrolyte. Many other interesting and practical aspects of solid electrolytes are worth mentioning, for example, the possibility to detect stresses, to build up high pressures, or to monitor mass accelerations. Also, solid electrolytes have recently been used to investigate the interface kinetics in crystals (Section 10.4.2). 

Taylor SD, Wright B, Clayton E, Wilson ID, Practical aspects of the use of high performance liquid chromatography combined with simultaneous Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 12 1732-1736, 1998. 

This remains a non-trivial issue and represents one of the practical aspects in which sol-id-phase chemistry frequently poses a greater challenge than the corresponding solution-phase chemistry. High-throughput NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are now common place among the armamentarium of the synthetic chemist. 

The ability of combinatorial chemistry to generate a myriad of compounds in a very short period of time sets demands upon the analytical techniques to produce a maximum of information in a minimum of time. A prime candidate for the analysis of combinatori-ally generated compounds is electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ES-MS) using a quadrupole mass analyzer. In the following section we wish to examine the practical aspects of ES-MS, and exemplify these on the routine analysis of several combinatorially generated compounds and libraries. Furthermore, attention will be paid to high-through-put and computer-assisted sample evaluation. 

Williams, J.D. Cox, K.A. Schwartz, J.C. Cooks, R.G. ch 1, High Mass, High Resolution Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 2, Ion Trap Instrumentation, in Practical Aspects of Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry, R.E. March and J.F.J. Todd, (Eds.), CRC Press, Boca... 

In the past 15 years, electrospray ionization has become one of the most important ionization methods in mass spectrometry. It is the method of choice in the coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS). By estimation, it is used in over 90% of all LC-MS applications. It is especially useful in the analysis of highly polar, ionic, and macromolecular analytes. In addition, electrospray ionization plays an important role in the characterization of biomacromolecules, especially peptides and proteins. History, principle, instrumentation, practical aspects, and application of electrospray ionization are discussed in this article. 

Multiphase reactions may involve gas-liquid, gas-liquid-solid (solid as catalyst or reactant), liquid-liquid, liquid-liquid-solid reactions, etc. The reactions may vary from very slow to very fast, endothermic to highly exothermic. Based on the reaction characteristics, different types of multiphase reactors are used in industrial practice. A number of texts deaUng with design of multiphase reactors are available (Satterfield 1970 Shah 1979 Ramachandran and Chaudhari 1983 Westerterp et al. 1988 Deckwer 1992). Considerable information on theoretical, hydrodynamics, and mass transfer aspects of different multiphase reactors has become available since the publication of the above texts. This recent information is likely to allow rational, simple and yet reliable designs of many industrially important multiphase reactors. In this book, different types of multiphase reactors falUng under two categories—(1) gas-liquid and (2) gas-liquid-solid— are considered. The basic aim is to provide user-friendly, simple, and reasonably accurate design procedure for each multiphase reactor. 

Williams, J. D., Cox, K. A., Schwartz, J. C., and Cooks, R. G. (1995) High mass, high resolution mass spectrometry. In Practical Aspects of Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry,... 

Traditional or indigenous medicinal therapeutics has developed since before history in all societies. It comprises a mass of practices varying from the worthless to highly effective remedies, e.g. digitalis (England), quinine (South America), reserpine (India), atropine (various countries). It is the task of science to find the gems and to discard the dross, and at the same time to leave intact socially valuable supportive aspects of traditional medicine. 

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