High energy X-ray diffraction

Some examples of the application of neutron and high-energy X-ray diffraction for stress determination are reported and discussed in this work. 

Figure 1. Structure of the [H2W,20t2]" anion determined by high-energy X-ray diffraction experiment.

High energy X-ray diffraction has been used to examine the liquid structure of binary ionic liquids of 1,3-dialkyl imidazolium fluoride with HF [21]. As found for dimethyl imidazolium salts studied by neutron dif action (Section 4.1.5.2), the X-ray data showed that in these materials the solid state and liquid stmctures are closely related. The structures of molten [EMIM]F HF and [EMIM]F 2.3HF were found to be similar and showed the presence of [HF2] in the liquid, in agreement with the crystalline phase stractme. Shodai et al. also studied the structure of liquid [(CH3)4N]F wHF n = 3-5). A range of anion structures were found in the liquid, [(HF) Fj (x = 1-3) however, stmctures vyith higher ratios of HF to F (x = 4 or 5) were not found in the melt although similar compositions have been reported in the solid state [22]. 

The application of time-resolved high energy X-ray diffraction on platinum nanoparticles in fuel electrodes has been described [28]. Results indicate severe surface reconstruction of the nanoparticle surface showing at least three types of Pt-0 bonds (adsorbed OH, adsorbed atomic O and amorphous PtO ) under oxidative conditions. 

Within the table have been noted also the cases that appear when the tops of the alpha and beta branches are unified in the Lorentz point of DS, for a complete generalization, since these cases correspond to the high energy X-ray diffraction (very short wavelengths), respectively reducing the interaction (e.g., for the neutrons instead of the X-ray). 

Gateshki, M., Chen, Q., Peng, LM Chupas, P., and Petkov, V. (2007) Structure of nanosized materials by high-energy x-ray diffraction. Z. Kristallogr., 222, 612-616. 

Y. Xiang, J. Du, L.B. Skinner, C.J. Benmore, A.W. Wren, D.J. Boyd, M.R. Towler, Structure and diffusion of Zn0-Sr0-Ca0-Na20-Si02 bioactive glasses a combined high energy X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations study. RSC Adv. 3, 5966-5978 (2013)... 

Combined with other techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), EXAFS, and high-energy X-ray diffraction (XRD), a bimodal distribution was proposed, as shown in Fig. 4.7 [90]. The proposed model suggests that each PE /G60H complex can only be fully reduced or fuUy intact after reduction with NaBFLt. The same work also suggests an autocatalytic mechanism in which Pt seeds form very slowly inside PAMAM dendrimers and a fast catalytic reduction of Pt ... 

Petkov V, BiUinge SJL, Shastii SD, Himmel B. High-resolntion atomic distribution functions of disordered materials by high-energy X-ray diffraction. J Non-Cryst Solids 2001 293-295 726-730. 

Hagiwara R, Matsumoto K, Tsuda T, Ito Y, Kohara S, Suzuya K, Matsumoto H, Miyazaki Y (2002) The structures of alkylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate molten salts studied by high-energy X-ray diffraction. J Non-chryst Solids 312-314 414-418... 

Fujii K, Seki S, Ohara K, Kameda Y, Doi H, Saito S, Umebayashi Y (2014) High-energy X-ray diffraction and MD simulation study on the ion-ion interaction in l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide. J. Solution Chem 43 1655-1668... 

Benmore CJ (2012) A review of high-energy X-ray diffraction from glasses and liquids. ISRN Mater Sci 1—19... 

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