High-energy processes definition

In both these continuous processes medium to high energy disperse dyes should be used to avoid the risk of dye subliming to contaminate the atmosphere of the fixation unit and then staining the print by vapor-phase dyeing, or to produce a loss of definition of the printed mark due to diffusion from the appHed thickened paste. 

Until recently, experimental studies of AI were limited to the identification of the process and, in some cases, to the determinations of cross sections or rate constants. It was not possible to draw definite conclusions from this experimental information regarding the involved mechanisms. In recent studies of the AI systems R -H, with R = Ar(3P20), Kr(3P20), Xe(3P2 o), it was verified by electron spectroscopy that the mechanism of Fig. 34b is dominant for these systems.99-101 In all three cases the observed electron spectra extended to the rather high energies of e —1.45 eV (Ar),= 1.0 eV (Kr), and 1.2 eV (Xe) and showed structure resulting from population of different vibrational rotational states as expected for the mechanism of Fig. 34b. As an example, the AI electron spectrum for Ar(3F2.0)-H is shown in Fig. 35. 

Membrane Process for Recovery of Alkanesulfonates. Many attempts have been made over the years to reduce the wastewater load—which represents a loss of product—by a number of different methods. These include evaporation, extraction, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration. All of these processes have the disadvantage of high equipment cost and high energy requirements, and the space-time yield is low. The first breakthrough came with the development of new types of membrane with a definite separating efficiency and a large surface area, so-called spiral-wound modules. 

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