Upsetting tests

Hess, upsetting test according to 362 HETRO = cast-granulated mixtures of RDX, TNT and additives (swiss) HEX = high energy explosive (USA)... 

Karitto = black powder (Japan) 35 KA-Salz = RDX (Hexogen) by synthesis according to Knofter-Apel 70 Kast s upsetting Test 362 Kcilil = trinitroxylene (russian) 359 KDNBF = potassiumdinitrobenzo-furoxane (USA)... 

Unterwasserzunder = water resistant detonator 369 upsetting tests 42 362 urea nitrate 199 330 346 urethane -> stabilizer 298 US Bureau of Mines 364... 

Brisance tests are upsetting tests according to Kast and He the compression of a copper cylinder is determined by actuating a piston instrument alternatively, a free-standing lead cylinder is compressed by the application of a definite cylindrical load of the explosive being tested -< Upsetting Tests. 

Upsetting tests are used to determinate the Brisance of the explosives. An unconfined cartridge (envelopped in paper or in metal sheet) acts upon a copper or lead crusher the loss of height of the crusher is a measure for the brisant performance of the tested explosive (-> Brisance). 

There are protective-frame (ROPS) test procedures and performance requirements for wheel-type agricultural and industrial tractors used in construction. The protective frame is a structure mounted to the tractor that extends above the operator s seat. It is also used to minimize the chance of injury resulting from normal operations. Afield upset test, either a static, or dynamic test, is done to determine ROPS performance. The frame, overhead weather shield, fenders, or other parts may be deformed but should not shatter or leave sharp edges. 

A fieid-upset test, when used, shaii be conducted under reasonabiy controiied conditions, both rearward and sideways to verify the effectiveness of the protective frame under ac-tuai dynamic conditions. 

As an example, to represent the influence of the strain rate and the temperature on the flow curves, we used the flow curves of the C45 unalloyed carbon steel (its chemical composition is shown in Table 1.). The curves were determined by upsetting tests and the results were corrected to frictionless value [8],... 

To calculate the parameters of the boundary surface of deformability, upsetting tests, three different tensile tests and a punching test were used. 

Figure 5. The isostatic pressure chamber with the cylindrical specimen and the specimen holder installed for the upsetting test.

The flow curves received by upsetting tests are shown in Figures 7 and 8. The curves prove that the tested materials became more plastic under hydrostatic pressure, as well as their plastic state was similar to the perfect plasticity (there is no more hardening). 

Reply bv the Authors The flow curves, which were obtained under hydrostatic pressure, remain below the traditional ones, which were determined also by upsetting tests. That means that the deformation resistance of the metals examined decreased under the influence of the superimposed hydrostatic pressure. The reason for this phenomenon is not yet clear. One might perhaps assume that under the influence of the hydrostatic pressure the distance between the atoms decreases slightly and the energy necessary for their removal also decreases. To clarify this question, we intend to repeat the measurement using magnesium specimens, which have a hexagonal structure with only one closely-packed plane. 

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