Hetero-enzyme

McKenna M. C., Hopkins I. B., Lindauer S. L., and Bamford P. (2006). Aspartate aminotransferase in synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria Differential effect of compounds that influence transient hetero-enzyme complex (metabolon) formation. Neurochem. Int. 48 629-636. 

The components of the modular biohybrid amphipiles were constmcted by the specific covalent coupling of a 2,2 6, 2//-terpyridine-maleimide linker to a variety of enzymes, (the lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) and a protein, the bovine serum albumin (BSA)), using the same methodology developed for the construction of covalent biohybrids.272 Once functionalized, a series of and homo-enzyme-enzyme and hetero enzyme-enzyme and enzyme-protein assemblies are in principal readily accessible via the... 

A successful case study for asymmetric nitrogen oxidation was reported for a series of (hetero)aromatic tertiary amines. High diastereoselectivity was observed for the enzyme-mediated oxidation of S-(—)-nicotine by isolated CHMOAdneto to give the corresponding ds-N-oxide [215]. The stereoselectivity of this biooxidation was complementary to the product obtained by flavin M O (FM O) from human li ver (trows-selective [216]) as well as unspecific oxidations by FMOs from porcine and guinea pig liver. 

Enzyme-mediated syntheses of chiral non-racemic hetero-organic compounds, with a stereogenic centre located either on a heteroatom or on a carbon atom in a side chain, are comprehensively presented. Particular attention is paid to the use of common hydrolytic and reducing enzymes. On the basis of the results presented, some conclusions are drawn and proposals presented, which concern possible future direchons in the applications of enzymes to the synthesis and transformations of chiral hetero-organic derivatives. 

H3. Hashida, S., Tanaka, K., Yamamoto, N., Uno, T, Yamaguchi, K., and Ishikawa, E., Detection of one attomole of [Arg ]-vasopressin by novel noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay (hetero-two-site complex transfer enzyme immunoassay). J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 110, 486-492 (1991). 

As explained in a later section (Section VII) cyclodipeptides, especially those containing histidine residues, have been used as synthetic enzyme mimics. Three different aspects of the cyclodipeptide molecular architecture have been made use of in achieving those results (a) H-bond formation with one of the NH groups of the piperazinedione (b) stacking of the aromatic ring over the hetero ring due to weak attractive forces, and (c) hydrophobic interactions with aliphatic side chains. 

Hydrolytic enzymes can also catalyzed the esterification of alcohols or acids with hetero atoms.1617 Some examples for the reactions of phosphorous and sulfur compounds by lipases are shown in Figure 16. By the repeated enantioselective acylation and hydrolysis of a hydroxyl phosphonate and its acetate with lipase AH, phosphonic acid analogue of carnitine (essential cofactor of fatty acid metabolism), (A)-phosphocarniiine, and its enantiomer were synthesized as shown in Figure 16 (b). 

---