Herbicide Orange

Huckins, J.N., D.L. Stalling, and W.A. Smith. 1978. Foam-charcoal chromatography for analysis of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins in herbicide orange. Jour. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 61 32-38. 

Two other testing grids were sprayed with Herbicide Orange. 

Amount of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D calculated on weight of active Ingredient In the military Herbicides Orange and Purple. Years when the specific grid received the herbicide. 

Table IV> Descriptions of Three Soil Biodegradation Studies Involving Use of Herbicide Orange...

Herbicide Orange) Over a Six-Year Period in Field Plots in Kansas and Florida... 

During the summer of 1977 the USAF disposed of 8.4 million L of Herbicide Orange by high temperature Incineration at sea. 

To determine the magnitude of Herbicide Orange contamination on the storage areas. 

To determine the soil persistence of the two phenoxy herbicides contained In Herbicide Orange and the dioxin contaminant. 

Table VII. Concentration (ppm) of Total Herbicides, Total Phenols, and TCDD In 12 Soil Samples Collected July 1977 from the Herbicide Orange Storage Areas, Johnston Island and...

Table VIII. Mean Concentrations (ppm) of Total Herbicides, Phenols and TCDD In Soils Collected In January and November 1978 from Selected Sites on the Herbicide Orange Storage Area, Naval Construction Battalion...

Tremblay, 1978. "The Toxicology, Environmental Fate and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin." Air Force Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92. 247p. Document... 

Stark, H. E., J. K. McBride, and G. F. Orr, 1975. "Soil Incorporatlon/Blodegradatlon of Herbicide Orange. Vol I. Microbial and Baseline Ecological Study of the U.S. Air Force Logistics Command Test Range, Hill AFB, Utah."... 

Herbicide Orange Site Treatment an Environmental Monitoring Summary Report and Recommendations for Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, Mississippi." Air Force Technical Report OEHL-TR-79-169. 36p. Document AD-A062... 

The levels of 2,3,7 8 tetra-CDD in drums of Herbicide Orange placed in storage in the USA and in the Pacific before 1970 have been found to vary between 0.1 and U7 yg/g (3M. Since Herbicide Orange was formulated as a 1 1 mixture of the butyl esters of 2,U-D and 2,U,5-T, the levels of 2,3,7,8 tetra-CDD in individual 2,U,5 T preparations used in the 1960 s could be as high as 100 yg/g. As a result of governmental regulations, efforts were made during the 1970 s to control and to minimize the formation of 2,3,7>8 tetra-CDD, and now all producers claim that their products contain less than 0.1 yg/g of 2,3,7 8 tetra-CDD. 

In analyses using high-resolution GC/MS and MS confirmation, Rappe et al. (35.1 and Norstrom et al. (30) have reported that in other samples of Herbicide Orange, as well as in European and US 2,U,5-T formulations from the 1950 s and 1960 s, 2,3,7,8--tetra-CDD was the dominating compound of this group. Only minor amounts of other PCDDs and PCDFs could be found, primarily lower chlorinated PCDDs in samples of Herbicide Orange, see ref 35. 

Rappe C, Buser HR, Bosshardt HP (1978), Chemosphere 5 431-438.. .Identification and quantification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in 2,4,5-Tester formulations and Herbicide orange"... 

Field Test Results. Field testing for this test series consisted of a series of runs using 30 kg. soil samples taken from a dioxin site in Mississippi. Herbicide Orange had been stored at this site, with some spillage, causing soil contamination. 

Technolt Demonstration of a Thermal Desorption-UV Photolysis Process for Decontaminating Soils Containing Herbicide Orange... 

Early in April 1970 the Secretaries of the Health, Interior and Agriculture Departments in the US drafted a statement banning the use of 2,4,5-T in the US except in very restricted circumstances. Melvin Laird, the Defense Secretary, suspended the use of 2,4,5,-T in military operations. Herbicide Orange was currently being used at a rate of up to 200 000 gallons a month in Vietnam. The Joint Chiefs of Staff opposed the ban, and sought without success to have it lifted. By early May Operation Ranch Hand had run out of usable defoliants and after a brief resumption, on July 17 all future fixed-wing defoliation missions were cancelled." ... 

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