Hemoglobin, in human blood

D. Noort, A.G. Hulst, A. Fidder, R.A. Van Gurp, L.P.A. De Jong and H.P. Benschop, In vitro adduct formation of phosgene with albumin and hemoglobin in human blood, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 13, 719-726 (2000). 

D8. Deeg, R., Schmitt, U., Bollinger, W., and Ziegenhorn, J., A new approach to photometry of glycated hemoglobin in human blood. Clin. Chem. 30, 790-793 (1984). 

Noort, D., Hulst, A.G., Trap, H.C., deJong, L.P., and Benschop, H.P., Synthesis and mass spectrometric identification of the major amino acid adducts formed between sulphur mustard and hemoglobin in human blood, Arch. Toxicol, 71, 171, 1997. 

Superoxide is formed (reaction 1) in the red blood cell by the auto-oxidation of hemoglobin to methemo-globin (approximately 3% of hemoglobin in human red blood cells has been calculated to auto-oxidize per day) in other tissues, it is formed by the action of enzymes such as cytochrome P450 reductase and xanthine oxidase. When stimulated by contact with bacteria, neutrophils exhibit a respiratory burst (see below) and produce superoxide in a reaction catalyzed by NADPH oxidase (reaction 2). Superoxide spontaneously dismu-tates to form H2O2 and O2 however, the rate of this same reaction is speeded up tremendously by the action of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (reaction 3). Hydrogen peroxide is subject to a number of fates. The enzyme catalase, present in many types of cells, converts... 

The concentration of hemoglobin in human red blood cells is normally 330 gL-1. The molecular weight (Mr) of hemoglobin is 64,500, and the volume of a red cell is 90 fL. How many molecules of hemoglobin are there in one human red blood cell ... 

K17. Kleihauer, E. F., Tang, T. E., and Betke, K., The intracellular distribution of embryonic hemoglobin in red blood cells of human embryos. A contribution to the ontogenesis of human hemoglobin. Acta Haematol. 38, 264-272 (1967). 

Z3. Zijlstra, W. G., and Muller, C. J., Spectrophotometiy of solutions containing three components, with special reference to the simultaneous determination of carboxy-hemoglobin and methemoglobin in human blood. Clin. Chim. Acta 2, 237 (1957). Z4. Zondag, H. A., and van Kampen, E. J., Determination of copro- and uroporphyrin in urine. Clin. Chim. Acta 1, 127 (1956). 

Hoelzel W, Weykamp C, Jeppsson JO et al (2004) IFCC reference system for measurement of hemoglobin Ale in human blood and the national standardization schemes in the United States, Japan, and Sweden a method-comparison study. Clin Chem 50 166-174... 

Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. The presence of p-nitrophenol in urine serves as a satisfactory biomarker of nitrobenzene exposure. Because nitrobenzene metabolites, nitrosobenzene and phenylhydroxylamine, bind to hemoglobin in the blood of rats and mice, the presence of these hemoglobin adducts in human blood may also serve as biomarkers of nitrobenzene exposure. More information on this possibility would be useful. 

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