Height, wave hazards

Surges represent a serious hazard for the low coasts of the Kerch Strait. For example, during the hurricane of 28-29 October 1969, a surge wave fully flooded a coastal band a few kilometers wide. The surge height exceeded 3 m. The flood was accompanied by the destruction of near-shore constructions and communications and human losses. 

The tsunami hazard may be determined a priori by the ratio of r = l.(kd>), where k is the significance coefficient of a zonal or local factor at the risk formation, and co is the weight of contribution of the specific type of a factor into the formation of risk for all factors. As a result, a rather clear linear (or weak parabolic) dependence between the values of r and run-up heights were established. This dependence becomes more convex at the analysis of the relationship between the values r and the values of horizontal runup of tsunami waves. 

Additional hazards that are not dealt with here are those that arise from wave reflections, often associated with steep-faced defenses. Reflected waves increase wave disturbance, which may cause hazards to navigating or moored vessels may increase waves along neighboring frontages, and/or may initiate or accelerate local bed erosion thus increasing depth-limited wave heights. 

For a risk to arise there must be a hazard that consists of a source or initiator event (i.e., high wave height), a receptor (e.g., cliff top or flood plain properties), and a pathway between the source and the receptor (i.e., flood routes Including defences, overland flow, or landslide). A hazard does not automatically lead to harmful outcome, but identification of a hazard does mean that there is a possibility of harm occurring. 

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