HMOs health maintenance

HMO, health maintenance organization H2RA, histamine2-receptor antagonist. 

FDAMA Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act HMOs, health maintenance organizations VAERS, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System CERTs, Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics ADR, adverse drug reaction... 

HMO —health maintenance organization NIH —National Institutes of Health (DHHS)... 

Most people have a specific physician whom they see when they have a health-related problem. Individuals belonging to an HMO (health maintenance organization) select a primary care physician... 

Fig. 1 Health maintenance organization enrollment in the United States. (From Hoechst Marion Roussel Managed Care Digest Series /HMO-PPO Digest 1999.)...

Health maintenance organizations are the most restrictive type of managed care organization, and consumer dissatisfaction with restricted choice in HMOs likely was a significant factor in the growth of point of service (POS) plans. POS plans sometimes are referred to as open-ended HMOs. Like HMOs, enrollees typically select a primary care provider and pay no fee or a small copayment to see participating providers. POS plans differ from HMOs in that patients can receive coverage from physicians outside the network. However, patients pay more for care received from physicians outside the network and often must pay the full... 

Another survey published in 2000 yielded a much higher figure for herbal drug use. Forty percent of patients at a health maintenance organization (an HMO) took herbal drugs, according to a survey published in the Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. The herbals most frequently used were garlic, aloe, cranberry, and echinacea. 

Cynthia Marshall is a pharmacist who works at a closed-staff-model health maintenance organization (HMO) pharmacy. Pharmacists at this clinic have access to patient charts that can be used to supplement information given by the patient to the pharmacy staff and what is written... 

What health maintenance matters need to be taken care of (for the patient s benefit and/or to avoid penalty from the HMO) ... 

During the second phase of pharmacy practice, health care within the U.S. experienced changes in capabilities, regulations, and financing, from the development of the pharmaceutical industry and the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to the creation of the first health maintenance organization (HMO). 

It is estimated that over 20 billion are spent each year on visits to alternative practitioners. Sixty percent of patients pay all of these costs out-of-pocket, with only 20%i of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and third-party payers supplementing at least some of these health care costs. It is also estimated that 1-5 billion are spent on herbal supplements per year, and interestingly, less than 5%i of patients who use herbals report that they bought those products in a pharmacy.f ... 

---