Hauptman, Herbert

HAUPTMAN, HERBERT A. (1917-). An American biophysicist who won ihe Nobel prize for chemistry in 1985 along with Jerome Karle for their outstanding achievements in the development nf direct methods for the determination of crystal structures. Hauptman s work involved developing equations that allow determination of phase information from X-ray crystallography intensity patterns. The use of computers permitted use of the equations to determine the conformation of thousands of chemicals. Haaptmao was director of research and v ice president of the Medical Foundation of Buffalo and a professor of biophysics in Buffalo at the Stale University of New York. 

Hauptman, Herbert Aaron (b. 1917) American chemist who, with Jerome Karle in the early 1950s, developed a rapid statistical method of using X-ray crystallography to determine the molecular structure of chemical compounds. Their 1953 paper was largely ignored but the method is now fully established. Hauptman and Karle shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in chemistry. 

Hauptman, Herbert A., U.S.A., The Medical Foundation of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, and Karle, Jerome, U.S.A., US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC "For their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures."... 

In small-molecule crystallography the phase problem was solved by so-called direct methods (recognized by the award of a Nobel Prize in chemistry to Jerome Karle, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, and Herbert Hauptman, the Medical Foundation, Buffalo). For larger molecules, protein aystallographers have stayed at the laboratory bench using a method pioneered by Max Perutz and John Kendrew and their co-workers to circumvent the phase problem. This method, called multiple isomorphous replacement... 

If the Patterson method cannot be applied because the structure has no or too many heavy atoms, it is possible to use another approach for phase determination, the so-called direct methods. By the term direct methods is meant that class of methods which exploits relationships among the structure factors in order to go directly from the observed magnitudes E to the needed phases < ) (Herbert A. Hauptman, Nobel lecture, 9. Dec., 1985). The direct method approach for solving the phase problem uses probability... 

Herbert Hauptman United States crystal structures... 

Crystallographer Isabella Karle came close when her husband and long-time collaborator shared it with Herbert Hauptman in 1985.9)... 

Herbert Hauptman, a mathematician turned crystallographer and chemistry Nobel laureate for 1985, has devoted a lot of attention to close packing of spheres in the icosahedron. Figure 9-31 shows one of his beautiful stained-glass models. 

Figure 9-31. Herbert Hauptman (photograph by the authors) and one of his stained-glass models—an icosahedron—with densely packed spheres (photograph courtesy of Herbert Hauptman, Buffalo, New York).

Herbert Hauptman with one of his polyhedral packing models (courtesy of Herbert Hauptman). 

Herbert A. Hauptman, Nobel taureafe, Hauptman-Woadward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo... 

Work on direct methods was continued independently by Jerome Karle and Herbert Hauptman, ° Joseph Gillis, William H. Zachariasen, David Sayre, William Cochran, and Isabella Karle. Phase relationships were clearly found for the crystal structure of deca-borane (which is centrosymmetric), but were not so clear for some other structures. Gillis showed, however, that often certain inequalities were nearly satisfied, and this observation led to subsequent investigations of the probability relationships among the structure factors. Karle and Hauptman went on to show how the use of inequalities can restrict the range of phase angles for non centrosymmetric structures.. All of these studies led to the direct methods now used routinely in small-molecule crystallographic laboratories. 

Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle For their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures. ... 

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