Hatching efficiency

Fig. 3.1.3. Extraction efficiency of six commercial SPME fibres. Milli-Q water containing NP (33 pgL1), NPE01 NPE02 (83 pgL 1 each), and 165 p-gL-1 NPEjC and NPE2C DMS 200 pL NaOH 5 M, 1 mL sodium chloride (7.5 g) extraction time, 60 min extraction temperature, 65°C and stirring rate 1200 rpm. Compound identification (grey shaded) DVB-CAR-PDMS (double vertical lines) CW-DVB 65 pm (0) PA (9) PDMS 1000 pm (hatched) PDMS 7 pm (checkerboard) PDMS-DVB (Figure taken from Ref. [80]).

Lasalocid is widely used for controlling poultry coccidiosis since it is very efficient against all species of Eimeria at the optimal dose of 90 ppm in the feed. It is licensed for use in broilers and hens up to 16 weeks from hatching but is not licensed for use in laying hens. It has been also used as a growth promoter in cattle. 

Fig. 8.10. Measured (dashed lines) and calculated (solid) quantum efficiency (QE) and total cell absorption (1 — R) according to Springer et al. [58]. The area between QE and (1 — R) corresponds to the absorption losses in 330 nm thick front ZnO Al (single diagonally hatched), doped silicon (p layer double diagonally hatched, n layer white), silver (black), and glass + back ZnO (horizontally hatched). The area above the silver absorption (black) and the total cell absorption (dashed) corresponds to cell reflection R. Reprinted with permission from [58]...

An important prerequisite for successful application of the fruit fly male annihilation technique is an attractant compound or mixture powerful enough to reduce the male population to a level well below that required for efficient fertilization of the total egg mass. An appetite for the lure by the males after they are attracted to it is also essential for most effective application. With the overabundance of sperm production and mating capacity possessed by the oriental fruit fly, removal of from 50 to 80% of all males may be necessary before there will be an appreciable effect on egg hatch. Use of strong female lures in combination with the male elimination method would enhance effectiveness but, unfortunately, materials discovered thus far in intensive screening programs in Hawaii and Mexico have not possessed attractant qualities comparable to those of the male lures. 

Fig. 5.3. Debranching of lariats. Comparison of splicing products before and after a debranching reaction analysed in a 6% gel containing 1 x TBE. Products obtained from a standard splicing reaction (-D lane) is co-electrophoresed with the same reaction that has been debranched by an additional treatment in S100 extract (+D lane). Identities of individual bands are indicated schematically. Filled boxes, cross-hatched boxes and thin lines denote the 5 - and 3 -exons and intron, respectively. Note that only small amounts of the lariats become debranched under the splicing process, probably due to protection of the branch site by splicing factors. After deproteination, debranching becomes a very efficient process linearising more than...

Figure 4.23. Cross-over in reaction efficiency as a function of system geometry for M X M X N lattices. The vertical axis calibrates the eccentricity s = N/M and the horizontal axis calibrates the surface-to-volume ratio S/V (see text). To the right of the hatched area, random d = 3 diffusion to an internal, centrosymmetric reaction center in the compartmentalized system is the more efficient process. To the left of the hatched area, reduction of dimensionality in the d = 3 flow of the diffusing coreactant to a restricted d = 2 flow upon first encounter with the boundary of the compartmentalized system is the more efficient process. The lines delimiting the hatched region give upper and lower bounds on the critical crossover geometries.

Five years later Hatch and Dillon rediscovered the fact that conventional ion-exchange resins efficiently separate acids from their salts under conditions that exclude normal ion exchange. The strong basic anion-exchange resin Dowex-lx8 (8% divinylbenzene (DVB), 40% water content) was found to function especially well and the investigators decided to introduce acid retardation as a new term. Such separations can be defined as acid retardation separations, since they are based on a preferential absorption of strong acids, which causes the movement of the acid on the bed to be retarded — i.e., slowed down — relative to the movement of the salt [115]. Acid retardation, like ion retardation, can be done at high flow rates, especially at elevated temperatures. These processes have been optimized and since 1976 widely exploited by Eco-Tec Canada [119, 120], as well as by others [121], on the industrial scale. 

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