Hard reducing agent

Tetrasodium 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate Tetrasodium (1-hydroxyethyiidene) bisphosphonate Tetrasodium 1-hydroxyethyiidene-1,1-diphosphonate. See Tetrasodium etidronate Tetrasodium iminodisuccinate Synonyms iminodisuccinate tetrasodium salt Uses Chelating agent for metal ions for detergents, agric., oii industry, pharmaceuticals, pulp/paper, and textiles water hardness reducing agent stabilizer for oxidation agents in aq. sol n. 

Iron (II) oxide is a strong reducing agent. Iron ll/lll or III oxides are oxidants. The danger of the latter can also result from their catalytic behaviour vis-a-vis substances, which are hardly stable. 

There is compelling evidence that reducing agent oxidation and metal ion reduction are, more often than not, interdependent reactions. Nonetheless, virtually all established mechanisms of the electroless deposition fail to take into account this reaction interdependence. An alternative explanation is that the potentials applied in the partial solution cell studies are different to those measured in the full electroless solution studies. Notwithstanding some differences in the actual potentials at the inner Helmholtz plane in the full solution relative to the partial solutions, it is hard to see how this could be a universal reason for the difference in rates of deposition measured in both types of solution. 

Pt(II)and Pt(IV) are both soft cations, showing low affinities for hard ions and atoms (F, O) and high affinities for softer ions and atoms (Cl, Br, I, S, N) and for ligands that can pi bond. Practically all compounds of Pt can be reduced to Pt metal by ignition or moderately strong reducing agents. 

Bituminous coal baked in an oven yields a solid carbonaceous material called coke, which is used as a reducing agent in the smelting of iron. Jet is a term applied to high-quality specimens of lignite that have been used to make decorative objects and jewelry. Jet and peat, which is compressed, partially decayed plant matter, will be discussed in Chapter 4 Plants. Cannel coal is another term for hard, compact lignite. This name has been applied to material from Whitby, where most commercial jet comes from, and from Scotland. Objects made of this material date back at least to the Bronze age in Britain (2100-1700 BC). 

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