Hahnemann

Hahnemann, N. "Early Prenatal Diagnosis A Study of Biopsy Techniques and Cell Culturing from Extraembryonlc Membranes". Clin. Genet., (1974), 6, 294-306. 

Hahnemann, N. "Early Prenatal Diagnosis A Study of Biopsy... 

Packer, J.E., Willson, R.L., Hahnemann, D. and Asmus, K.-D. (1980). Electron transfer reactions of halogenated aliphatic peroxyl radicals measurements of absolute rate constants by pulse radiolysis. J. Chem. Soc. Perkins Transact. II, 296-299. 

Elder is also used therapeutically as a homeopathic medicine. It was introduced by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann in 1819. The Sambucus ebulus or S. nigra species is most often used. However, it is not one of the more widely used homeopathic medicines. As a homeopathic remedy, elder is known as sambucus. Some of the indications for sambucus include albuminuria (the presence of protein in the urine), angina pectoris, asthma, dizziness and headache upon arising, dry larynx and lumbago. 

Hahnemann, Dr. Samuel, Materia Medica Pura, B. Jain Publishers, New Dehli, India, 1989. 

The author traces the development of homeopathy, showing that Hahnemann s discoveries can only be understood in the context of earlier developments, including the ground-breaking work of Paracelsus" Contents 1. Hahnemann and Homeopathy 2. Paracelsus 3. The Iatrochemists and the Scientific Revolution 4. The Rosicrucian Element 5. Medicine and the Enlightenment 6. Hahnemann... 

Constantine, J., McShane, W., Scriabine, A. and Hess, H.-J., "Hypertension Mechanisms and Management." Section VI, "Recent Advances in Drug Therapy," p. 429, 26th Hahnemann Symposium, Ed. Onesti, G., Kim, K. and Moyer, J., Grune and Stratton, New York (1973). 

Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa. 19102... 

L. Stein, First Hahnemann Symposium on Psychosomatic Medicine, Lea Febiger, PhUadelphia, 1962, p. 297... 

HCA1949 C. Hahnemann and H. Hartmann, Helv. Chim.Acta, 2003, 86, 1949. 

The preparation of alkali carbonate from the alkali chlorides.—T. Bergman8 (1775) showed that a soln. of sodium chloride is decomposed by potassium carbonate, for the mixed soln. on evaporation gives a crop of crystals of potassium chloride, and this is followed by a crop of crystals of sodium carbonate. J. F. Meyer (1764), and J. F. Westrumb (1785) gave specific directions for the operation, and the same plan was recommended by C. F. S. Hahnemann, P. J. Karstellyn, and J. C. W. Render. Between 1802 and 1815 sodium carbonate was made at Walker-on-Tyne by a modification of the process devised by Earl of Dundonald (1795). C. Bischoff made sodium bicarbonate by passing carbon dioxide into an aq. soln. of equal parts of sodium chloride and potassium carbonate—sodium bicarbonate precipitated, potassium chloride remains in soln. W. Weldon patented a modification of this process in 1881. 

Homeopathic materia medica and repertory were further enriched by the contribution from James Tyler Kent (1849-1916), E.A. Farrington (1847-1885), C. Von Boenninghausen (1785-1864), and others. The sixth edition of Organon was published in 1921, long after the death of Hahnemann. 

Bom in early nineteenth century Homeopathy has its own concept about the etiology of a disease. It believes that a spiritual power or vital force animates the healthy organism and keeps it in a harmonious order. During illness the vital force is overwhelmed by a disease force. An artificial disease force, applied through the use of the right remedy, annihilates the original affection and restores health. Sometimes patients do not respond to well selected remedies due to their inherent conditions called miasms. The concept of miasms introduced by Hahnemann has been discussed in Chapter IV. 

The uniqueness of Homeopathy lies in the use of extremely high dilutions of drugs which go beyond the Avogadro number. These dilutions are prepared in a specific way and are called potencies in Homeopathy. The process is called potentization or dynamization. The process of dynamization was elaborated in the fifth edition of Organon published in 1833 and also in a later work of Hahnemann, Chronic Diseases published in 1838. 

Mother tinctures are diluted with aqueous ethanol in succession. The mother tincture is mixed with its diluent medium (aqueous ethanol) in two proportions by volume, 1 99 and 1 9. Potencies prepared in 1 99 and 1 9 proportions are called centesimal and decimal, respectively. The centesimal scale was introduced by Hahnemann and the decimal scale by Constantine Hering during the lifetime of Hahnemann. 

The Hahnemann method of dilution is time consuming and involves a large number of containers for preparing a potency. A quicker and more practical method introduced by Korsakov in 1832 requires a single container for the preparation of high potencies of a drug. The container is simply emptied and refilled with the diluent medium in each step of successive dilution. The emptied vial still contains some residual amount of the preceding potency for further dilution. 

The dilution and mechanical agitation can be done by hand or by a machine. Manual preparation cannot be uniform in strength every time a vial is shaken. Machine is needed for the preparation of higher potencies like CM (diluted one hundred thousand times) and MM (diluted one million times). Hahnemann followed the duodecimal system, which was in vogue in his time, in choosing the potency numbers as 6, 12, 24 etc. Higher potencies like 200, 1M, CM, introduced later are based on the metric or decimal system in units. Besides decimal and centesimal series, based on serial dilution of 1 10 and 1 100, respectively, there exists the millesimal series which is based on the serial dilution of 1 1000 and is denoted with the suffix m (Cook, 1988). 

Towards the end of his life Hahnemann introduced a new series called the LM potencies. This has been mentioned in the 6th edition of Organon. Here the substance is triturated to the 3C level with lactine. One hundredth part of this potency is diluted with 500 parts of 20% alcohol. One part of this is diluted with alcohol 1 100 and succussed 100 times. One drop of this is used to moisten 500 small sugar globules to prepare the 1st potency called LMI. One globule of LMI is mixed with 100 parts of alcohol and the mixture is succussed 100 times to prepare LMII. In this way potencies upto LMXXX can be prepared. The approximate dilution in each step here is 1 50000. 

There is no fixed rale concerning dilution, succussion and trituration. In fact, Hahnemann himself recommended different dilutions and number of strokes to prepare a potency (Royal, 1991). Vortexing and sonication in lieu of manual strokes also produce effective potencies (Sukul, 1997). We have recently observed that successive dilution alone without any mechanical agitation produces an effective potency (Sukul et al., 2001). 

Gregory J K, Clary D C. 1996. Structure of water clusters. The contribution of many body forces, monomer relaxation, and vibrational zero-point energy. JPhys Chem 100 18014-18022. Hahnemann S. 1833. Organon of Medicine. 5th edn. Translated by R E Dudgeon (1893). Indian edn (1994). Pralap Medical Publishers Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, pp 224. 

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