Guggenheim process

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Guggenheim Process. A process for the manuf of Na nitrate from Chilean nitrate ore, caliche, in which heat is efficiently utilized and handling costs are kept to a minimum... 

In the Lewis and Gibson statement of the third law, the notion of a perfect crystalline substance , while understandable, strays far from the macroscopic logic of classical thennodynamics and some scientists have been reluctant to place this statement in the same category as the first and second laws of thennodynamics. Fowler and Guggenheim (1939), noting drat the first and second laws both state universal limitations on processes that are experunentally possible, have pointed out that the principle of the unattainability of absolute zero, first enunciated by Nemst (1912) expresses a similar universal limitation ... 

Guggenheim A process for extracting sodium nitrate from caliche, a native sodium nitrate found in Chile. The ore is leached at 40°C with water containing controlled concentrations of magnesium and calcium sulfates. Operated on a large scale in Chile. See also Shanks. 

Shanks An obsolete process for extracting sodium nitrate from caliche, a Chilean mineral. The ore was leached with sodium chloride solution at 70°C and the sodium chloride and nitrate were separated by fractional crystallization. See also Guggenheim. 

Cohen and Crothers also present an excellent account of their use of the Guggenheim method for extracting rate constants from incomplete segments of decay processes, in which either the starting- and/or end-points of the spectral decay are not well defined. See also Chemical Kinetics (1. Progress Curve Analysis)... 

Calculating the minimum work requires a knowledge of AG for the above process, which requires that we know the activities in the various solutions. Decide which equations (Pitzer, Guggenheim, and Debye-Hiickel) can be used to accurately calculate the activities at the concentrations and use these equations to calculate AG. 

Hess, E. Guggenheim, R. (1977). A study of the microtriches and sensory processes of the tetrathyridium of Mesocestoides corti Hoeppli, 1925, by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 53 189-99. 

First theoretical interpretations of Me UPD by Rogers [3.7, 3.12], Nicholson [3.209, 3.210], and Schmidt [3.45] were based on an idealized adsorption model already developed by Herzfeld [3.211]. Later, Schmidt [3.54] used Guggenheim s interphase concept" [3.212, 3.213] to describe the thermodynamics of Me UPD processes. Schmidt, Lorenz, Staikov et al. [3.48, 3.57, 3.89-3.94, 3.100, 3.214, 3.215] and Schultze et al. [3.116-3.120, 3.216] used classical concepts to explain the kinetics of Me UPD and UPD-OPD transition processes including charge transfer, Meloiy bulk diffusion, and nucleation and growth phenomena. First and higher order phase transitions, which can participate in 2D Meads phase formation processes, were discussed controversially by various authors [3.36, 3.83, 3.84, 3.92-3.94, 3.98, 3.101, 3.110-3.114, 3.117-3.120, 3.217-3.225]. 

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