Growth on Carbohydrates

Functionally, the 6-phosphogluconate pathway, when operative, accomplishes two important goals for the AAB (1) It overcomes the obstacle of not having a functional EMP for oxidation of glucose and (2) it provides a 

The low concentrations of glucose required for operation of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway suggests that under conditions as they exist in the vineyard, alternate metabolic routes must exist. 

In the case of AAB, Gottschalk (1985) reports methoxantin (PQQ) and not NAD, to be the hydrogen acceptor in the oxidation of ethanol. Reduced PQQ enters the ETS cycle, finally resulting in formation of ATP. 

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THE EFFECTS OF PLANT-GROWTH SUBSTANCES ON CARBOHYDRATE SYSTEMS... 

Hilton, H. W., The Effects of Plant-growth Substances on Carbohydrate Systems, 21, 377-430... 

In vivo measurements of lipopolysaccharide synthesis in E. coli B have indicated that two nanomoles of KDO must be synthesized per minute per mg of protein in order to meet the cellular requirement for LPS synthesis under the normal conditions of growth on glucose-minimal medium (27). We have measured the specific activities of the enzymes involved in KDO synthesis in crude extracts of E. coli B including those enzymes responsible for the synthesis of D-ribulose-5-phosphate, the precursor of D-arabinose-5-phosphate. D-Ribulose-5-phosphate is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism as shown in Figure 2, since it is the direct precursor of both D-ribose-5-phosphate and D-arabinose-5-phosphate... 

GH has been shown to have many different metabolic effects. Which of these contribute directly to its growth-promoting activity is not clear. The hormone stimulates synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in a wide range of tissues. It has actions on carbohydrate metabolism, including both diabetogenic and insulin-like actions, and also has effects on lipid metabolism, particularly in man. Overall, GH tends to switch metabolism from utilization of carbohydrate to utilization of fat [14], although there are marked differences between species in the relative importance of actions on different aspects of metabolism. 

Actions of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism... 

GH clearly has effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the protein-synthetic machinery, expression of specific proteins, and cell differentiation and proliferation. For a hormone concerned with the overall control of somatic growth such a wide spread of activities is potentially physiologically meaningful. It is at least possible that GH mediates these various actions via several different intracellular mechanisms and that it will not be possible to identify any one action as of key importance. 

Hibbert, Harold. See Evans, Taylor H. Hickson, John L. See Clamp, John R. Hilton, H. W., The Effects of Plant-growth Substances on Carbohydrate Systems, 21, 377—430 Hindert, Marjorie. See Karabinos, J. V. Hirst, E. L., [Obituary of] James Col-quhoun Irvine, 8, xi —xvii Hirst, E. L., [Obituary of] Walter Norman Haworth, 6, 1—9... 

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