Grown from concentrated solutions

Using powder as a starting material, single crystals were grown from a solution of hydrofluoric acid containing appropriate concentrations of each type of compound (M = K or Rb), using the slow cooling method [206, 209, 211,438],... 

The GaN substrates grown from nitrogen solution in pure gallium possess a high free-electron concentration of about 5 x 1019 cm 3 (if doped with magnesium, crystals are insulating [4]). This... 

Single crystals were grown from aqueous solution (i), methanol (ii, iii, iv) or methyltetrahydrofuran (v), Copper(ll) was introduced as a substantial impurity by growing single crystals from solutions containing a few percent of the corresponding copper complex. The estimated concentration of copper in the single crystals was about one percent. 

The disappearance of certain features as the temperature is raised can be correlated with melting peaks at the same temperature in DSC traces. This has been applied to oriented systems, particularly PE [86, 87]. There the fibrous nature of a high melting point component in materials grown from stirred solution or extruded at high pressure was confirmed and its concentration and distribution could be related to the prepara-... 

By manipulating the genetic machinery of the cell, it is possible to cause most cellular systems to produce virtually any biochemical material. Unfortunately, the growth of cellular systems (particularly in tissue cultures) is constrained by end-product inhibition and repression hence, it is difficult to produce end products in high concentration. Furthermore, cells are always grown in aqueous solution, so biochemicals produced by cellular routes must have intrinsically high value in order for the cost of recovery from dilute aqueous solution to be minimized. Thus, most biochemicals of commercial interest... 

Figure 8 Dissolution-time profile of acetaminophen crystals (75 mg, 355-500 pm) in water at 4°C. The crystals were grown at 30°C and at 240 rpm from aqueous solutions containing initially 23.1 g/dm3 acetaminophen and the following concentrations of p-acet-oxyacetanilide a ( ) Zero ( ) 100 mg/dm3 (A) 300 mg/dm3 (O) 500 mg/dm3. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 6.)...

SILAR-grown ZnO films have been tested for gas sensor applications.29 The ZnO films, doped with tin for this purpose, were grown from a mixture of dilute zinc sulfate, sodium hydroxide, and sodium tin(IV)oxide solutions. The final step, resulting in the oxide film, was treatment of the substrate and film in a nearly boiling water bath. The N02 gas sensing properties were tested for films doped with Al, Cu, Pd, and Sn, but only the film doped with tin exhibited sensitivity toward N02. The sensitivity of the ZnO Sn film was 5% /ppm after rapid photothermal processing (RPP). The best sensitivity was obtained when the tin concentration was 5-10%.29... 

CulnS2, CulnSe2. CuInS2 (CIS),films have been grown from mixed copper(II) chloride, indium(III) chloride cation precursor, and sodium sulfide anion precursor solutions.121122 XPS and XRD analyses revealed that, when the copper/indium concentration ratio in the solution was 1.25, a stoichiometric CIS film could be grown. The electrical parameters obtained with different copper/indium concentration ratios have been investigated.121... 

Single crystals of ferroelectric TGS grown from solution generally contain domains of the two enantiomorphous phases (110). This juxtaposition of enantiomorphous domains may be explained in terms of the minor deviations of the crystal structure from a centrosymmetric arrangement. The relative concentrations of the two enantiomorphous phases in a single crystal may be determined by means of anomalous dispersion of X-rays (111,112). 

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