Growing Growth

Many of the above moulds are found on fruits pre- and post-harvest. Most moulds require oxygen to grow. Growth is exhibited as surface mats, sometimes... 

Nucleation Process by which the first tiny groups of atoms or molecules form a nucleus on which a crystal can grow. Growth is easier than nucleation. 

As supersaturation is increased in a solution containing crystalline material or surfaces upon which crystals can grow, growth is the dominant process. However, if/when supersaturation reaches a critical value, new nuclei are rapidly formed, relieve much of the supersaUiration and, thereafter, becoming new sites for growth. The control of crystal size in industrial... 

There are two primary methods used to both synthesize and deposit nanoparticles on CNTs. The first method consists of growing growth of nanoparticles in the presence of CNTs directly onto the CNTs surface. In this instance, a metal precursor, such as a salt, used, and together with the nanotubes, is dissolved in a specific amount in a solution containing water, an OH scavenger, and a stabilizer. This mixture is then irradiated with gamma rays so that the metal ions can be reduced by radicals... 

One measures this rate by observing the increase in attenuation of the ultrasonic shear wave as the area of contact grows. Growth continues until the substrate is covered with the polygonal units rather than flattened spheres. 

The nuclei being formed, they will then grow. Growth rate g can be calculated assuming a thermally activated transfer of atoms from the liquid phase to the solid phase and from the solid phase to the liquid phase (Figure 5.14) ... 

This termination step stops the subsequent growth of the polymer chain. The period during which the chain length grows, i.e., before termination, is known as the active life of the polymer. Other termination steps are possible. 

In attached growth film) methods, as with aerobic digestion, the microorganisms can be encouraged to grow attached to a support medium such as plastic packing or sand. In anaerobic digestion, the bed is usually fluidized rather than a fixed-bed... 

Once nuclei form in a supersaturated solution, they begin to grow by accretion and, as a result, the concentration of the remaining material drops. There is thus a competition for material between the processes of nucleation and of crystal growth. The more rapid the nucleation, the larger the number of nuclei formed before relief of the supersaturation occurs and the smaller the final crystal size. This, qualitatively, is the basis of what is known as von Weimam s law [86] ... 

At equilibrium, crystal growth and dissolving rates become equal, and the process of Ostwald ripening may now appear, in which the larger crystals grow at the expense of the smaller ones. The kinetics of the process has been studied (see Ref. 103). 

The oriented overgrowth of a crystalline phase on the surface of a substrate that is also crystalline is called epitaxial growth [104]. Usually it is required that the lattices of the two crystalline phases match, and it can be a rather complicated process [105]. Some new applications enlist amorphous substrates or grow new phases on a surface with a rather poor lattice match. 

For a conserved order parameter, the interface dynamics and late-stage domain growth involve the evapomtion-diffusion-condensation mechanism whereby large droplets (small curvature) grow at tlie expense of small droplets (large curvature). This is also the basis for the Lifshitz-Slyozov analysis which is discussed in section A3.3.4. 

If a compact film growing at a parabolic rate breaks down in some way, which results in a non-protective oxide layer, then the rate of reaction dramatically increases to one which is linear. This combination of parabolic and linear oxidation can be tenned paralinear oxidation. If a non-protective, e.g. porous oxide, is fonned from the start of oxidation, then the rate of oxidation will again be linear, as rapid transport of oxygen tlirough the porous oxide layer to the metal surface occurs. Figure C2.8.7 shows the various growth laws. Parabolic behaviour is desirable whereas linear or breakaway oxidation is often catastrophic for high-temperature materials. 

Because nucleotides are added m the 5 — 3 direction the processes by which the two new chains grow are different Cham growth can be continuous m the leading strand but not m the lagging strand... 

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