Gross wood

In the discussion that follows, the volumetric shrinking and swelling of the gross wood will be treated first, followed by discussion of anisotropy, and finally the effect of stress. 

Volumetric Shrinking and Swelling. The volumetric swelling of the cell wall of wood is proportional to the volume of water absorbed. The gross wood however contains air spaces therefore, its volumetric swelling depends on what happens to the air spaces during water sorption by the cell wall. 

In addition to durability, there are a number of physical and chemical properties which directly affect the application of wood preservative products. Perhaps the most important of these is the permeability. The permeability of a given timber species to preservative penetration is closely related to the anatomical differences in wood structure. This can be considered on two distinct levels, the macro-distribution and the micro-distribution of preservative. Macro-distribution is dependant on the flow through the gross wood structure, whilst microdistribution is dependant upon the preservative penetration into individual cell types and cell walls. 

Salmonid fish have become a classical example of organisms highly susceptible to chemical carcinogens (18). The incidence of tumors in salmonid and other species of fish has been extensively documented (18, h9, 50, 5l) with Wood and Larson reporting the most alarming 50% occurrence of gross tumors among 250,000 adult rainbow trout (52). 

The value and potential usefulness of a new enzyme depends on its properties and the extent to which it has been characterized. The initial characterization of an enzyme often involves the determination of its pH optimum, stability, gross physical properties, and substrates. The enzymes of L. edodes, typically show pH optima between 3.5 and 5.0, maximal activity at 50 to 60"C, little activity loss until over 70"C, and high relative specific activities (9,14). Below we will highlight some of the other characteristics determined for the major ligninase, p-(l,4)-D-xylanase, and a-(l,3)-L-arabinosidase purified from wood-grown cultures of L. edodes. 

Polymer science and technology have developed tremendously over the last few decades, and the production of polymers and plastics products has increased at a remarkable pace. By the end of 2000, nearly 200 million tons per year of plastic materials were produced worldwide (about 2% of the wood used, and nearly 5% of the oil harvested) to fulfill the ever-growing needs of the plastic age in the industrialized world plastic materials are used at a rate of nearly 100 kg per person per year. Plastic materials with over 250 billion per year contribute about 4% to the gross domestic product in the United States. Plastics have no counterpart in other materials in terms of weight, ease of fabrication, efficient utilization, and economics. 

In 17 6 the wood-charcoal. process, was pll but entirely given, up, and the gross produce.of one hundred and, twenty-one blast furnaces,, was. one hundred. and twenty-four. thousand eight hundred and Bcveptyroine tons, being near to twenty tons weekly for each furnace and in ten years after this, 1806, there were two hundred and twenty-seven blast fiirnaces in this country, one hundred and fifty-nine of which were in active blast at once, and produced two hundred and fifty thousand tons of iron. 

CA 54, 25825(1960)(Measurement of specific surface of NC s, powders, fibers and of crystals) 246)R.L.Trask, PATR 2494(1958) (Pilot-plant studies of sulfate wood pulp as a source of military NC) 247)E.KaiIa, Paperi ja Puu(Helsinki) 40, 339(1958) CA 52,19121 (1958)(NC dissolved in butylamine or other org amines for use in expls) 248)D.Gross A.F. Robertson,JRNBS 61,413 1958) CA 53,8629 (1959XSelf ignition temps of materials, such as cotton linters NC plastics) 249)L.Brissaud P. Miaud, MP 41, 27-38(1959)(Nitration of wood... 

Gross KA, Ezerietis E. Juniper wood as a possible implant material. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A 2003, 64, 672-683. 

On ammonia treatment, the gross swelling behavior and changes in the strength and the structure of wood are very similar to those observed during and after steaming of wood with water vapor. The changes described below refer to wood saturated with ammonia. 

Refs 1)G-J. Bancroft, USP 1383370 (1921) (Splitting of crude mica by explosive forces) 2)w-H.Mason, USP 1578609 (1926) (Splitting wood by expln) 3)R-C.Dean J.Gross,... 

Figure 5.6. Historic trends in the world s gross energy use and its distribution on sources. During the early years, food energy includes an estimate of the draft animal power utilised. Wood includes straw and biofuels ethanol and biogas (updated from Jensen and Sorensen, 1984, with use of USDoE, 2003, and Sorensen, 2004a).

---