Grignard reagents properties

Diethyl ether is a mobile, colourless liquid having b.p. 35° and dy 0720. It has a characteristic odour, and a burning taste. It is used chiefly as a solvent, and was formerly widely used as an anaesthetic owing to its chemical non-reactivity, it is very seldom used actually as a reagent, except in the preparation of Grignard reagents (p. 280) where probably its chemical properties reinforce its solvent action. 

You have already had considerable experience with carbanionic compounds and their applications in synthetic organic chemistry The first was acetyhde ion m Chapter 9 followed m Chapter 14 by organometallic compounds—Grignard reagents for example—that act as sources of negatively polarized carbon In Chapter 18 you learned that enolate ions—reactive intermediates generated from aldehydes and ketones—are nucleophilic and that this property can be used to advantage as a method for carbon-carbon bond formation... 

Metalloid azoles frequently show expected properties, especially if not too many heteroatoms are present. Thus Grignard reagents prepared from halogen-azoles (see Section 4.02.3.9.3) show normal reactions, as in Scheme 60. 2-Lithioimidazoles react normally, e.g. with acetaldehyde (Scheme 61) (70AHC(12)103) 5-lithioisothiazoles (see Scheme 62) (72AHC(14)1) and 2-lithiothiazoles undergo many of the expected reactions. 

Sometimes the strongly basic properties of Grignard reagents can be turned to synthetic advantage. A chemist needed samples of butane specifically labeled with deuterium, the mass 2 isotope of hydrogen, as shown ... 

Some recent studies have underlined the effect that certain physical properties of the reaction medium have in governing the nature and yields of the products obtained when indole Grignard reagents react with alkyl or alkynyl halides. Such factors include the basicity and dielectric constant of the medium and its ability to solvate any of the reacting species. ... 

When the additional nitrogen atom is included in one of the aromatic rings, on the other hand, there is obtained a compound with antihistaminic properties. Reaction of the Grignard reagent from 4-chlorobromobenzene with pyridine-2-aldehyde gives the benzhydrol analog (12). The alcohol is then converted to its sodium salt by means of sodium, and this salt is alkylated with W-C2-chloroethyl)dimethylamine. Carbinoxamine (13) is thus obtained. ... 

Nitriles (RC=N) react with Grignard reagents (R MgBr). The reaction produc from 2-methylpropanenitrile with methylmagnesium bromide has the fol lowing spectroscopic properties. Propose a structure. 

Metal alkyls can be prepared in a simple manner from the main group halides (X = Cl, Br, I) and the appropriate alkyl Grignard reagent (RMgl) or the alkyllithium salt (RLi), as shown for the cadmium alkyls (Equation (2)).13 The elimination of impurities from the precursor source is of great importance, as any remaining impurities are invariably carried over into the growing semiconductor layers. Incorporation of impurities, even at levels as low as 1015 free carriers per cubic centimeter (one part in ca. 107), can drastically affect the electronic properties of the... 

Organometallic compounds vary widely in their properties and reactivity, just as do the elements from which they are produced. These compounds may be lithium alkyls, Grignard reagents, or organotin compounds. Accordingly, there is no universal method for preparing the compounds, but we will present here some of the types of reactions that have been widely employed. 

Polymer films may also be synthesized by direct chemical routesT 101. These chemical synthesis routes generally involve some form of electrophilic substitution using Grignard reagents or other modified precursors. The purity and electrical properties of the films produced from the chemical route are generally poorer than... 

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