Green reaction medium

Thus, the use of catalysts in new green reaction media such as ionic liquids, fluorous solvents, and supercritical carbon dioxide has become a viable alternative to those discussed within the chapters. 

Chen J, Spear SK, Huddleston JG et al (2005) Polyethylene glycol and solutions of polyethylene glycol as green reaction media. Green Chem 7(2) 64—82... 

K. Mikami, in Green Reaction Media in Organic Synthesis, Wiley-Black-well, Oxford, 2005. 

Polyethylene glycol in aqueous biphasic reactive extraction. Aqueous biphasic reactive extraction (ABRE) is used to describe the use of ABS in biphasic reaction chemistry. When it is used effectively, it can aid in separating reactants, products and catalysts, and increase yields and selectivities. Although, PEG and ABS have been used in bio-separations since the 1950s, it is only during the last 10 years that they have been explored as green reaction media. The three main characteristics offered by ABRE in this area are ... 

Shi F, Gu Y, Zhang Q, Deng Y (2004) Development of ionic liquids as green reaction media... 

Besides only as green reaction media, ionic liquids as dual green solvents and catalysts are also widely used in acylation reactions, especially C-acylation. Benzophenone and its derivatives are important fine chemicals or intermediates in dyes, pharmaceuticals, and other chemical industries. Li et al. have studied the Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions using ionic liquids like BMlMCl-FeClj, BMIMCI-AICI3, and BMIMCl-ZnCl as dual catalyst-solvent to synthesize benzophenone and its derivatives. They found that BMIMCl-FeCl3 showed much higher catalytic activity than that observed for the other two ionic liquids, and in conventional organic... 

Because of their specific properties, RTILs have been frequently used as green reaction media in clean organic synthetic processes as well as substitutes for conventional toxic and volatile solvents (VOCs). A lot of reactions have been re-examined and discussed using RTILs, instead of VOCs, and the results have been reported in papers and reviews [37 2]. 

Electroorganic Synthesis in Green Reaction Media (Homogeneous System)... 

This book provides a broad overview of the three most commonly used green reaction media. Directed at researchers and professionals in academic and industrial laboratories, it will also serve as a textbook for graduate courses on green chemistry. Successful green reactions are considered, and experimental sections at the ends of the chapters provide important practical details, with illustrations of potential applications. Sufficient information is included to allow selection of the most appropriate medium. Extensively referenced, the volume offers a point of entry into the detailed literature. 

Green Reaction Media in Organic Synthesis Edited by Koichi Mikami Copyright 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd... 

This book reviews reactions in which ionic liquids, fluorous media and supercritical CO2 are used, as these solvents are the most promising new types of green reaction media. Sufficient details are provided to allow researchers to explore the use of these solvents in specific reactions. Typical examples of reaction conditions and workup procedures are included at the end of each chapter to allow chemists to utilize these new technologies with confidence, and extensive references to the literature are listed. Other standard green reaction media such as water, ethanol, aqueous surfactant micelles and polymers, as well as solvent-free conditions, are outside the scope of this book. 

GREEN REACTION MEDIA IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Table 2.2... 

---