Green chemistry Hydrogenation

Keywords Atom economy Cross-coupling Green Chemistry Hydrogenation ... 

Rossi, L.M., Silva, F.P., Vono, L.L.R., Kiyohara, P.K., Duarte, E.L., Itri, R., Landers, R. and Machado, G. (2007) Superparamagnetic nanopartide-supported palladium a highly stable magnetically recoverable and reusable catalyst for hydrogenation reactions. Green Chemistry, 9 (4), 379-385. 

Polshettiwar, V., Baruwati, B. and Varma, R.S. (2009) Nanoparticle-supported and magnetically recoverable nickel catalyst a robust and economic hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation protocol. Green Chemistry, 11 (1), 127-131. 

Amination of aromatic nitro compounds is a very important process in both industry and laboratory. A simple synthesis of 4-aminodiphenyl amine (4-ADPA) has been achieved by utilizing a nucleophilic aromatic substitution. 4-ADPA is a key intermediate in the rubber chemical family of antioxidants. By means of a nucleophibc attack of the anilide anion on a nitrobenzene, a o-complex is formed first, which is then converted into 4-nitrosodiphenylamine and 4-nitrodiphenylamine by intra- and intermolecular oxidation. Catalytic hydrogenation finally affords 4-ADPA. Azobenzene, which is formed as a by-product, can be hydrogenated to aniline and thus recycled into the process. Switching this new atom-economy route allows for a dramatic reduction of chemical waste (Scheme 9.9).73 The United States Environmental Protection Agency gave the Green Chemistry Award for this process in 1998.74... 

Holscher, M., Increased hydrogen storage capacity in metal-organic frameworks by designed use of spillover. Green Chemistry 2006, 8, 675-676. 

Part IV, "Sustainability" (Chapters 13 through 18), deals with the topics of sustainable development, efficiency, and sustainability in the chemical process industry and a very topical topic, carbon dioxide (C02). The sense and nonsense of green chemistry and biofuels is expounded in this part as well, followed by solar energy conversion and musings on hydrogen in the final chapter of this part. 

The oxidation of hydrogen to hydrogen peroxide in supercritical carbon dioxide is a case in point Hancu, D., and Beckman, E. J. Green Chemistry, 2001, 3, 80. 

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