Grazing management animal potential

Further detailed studies are required to assess the potential transfer of PCDD/Fs (and other organochlorines) to grazing animals under various agricultural management settings, to enable a fuller evaluation of these issues. 

Grasslands managed for animal production (e.g., cattle) are much more leaky with respect to loss of added Nr. The addition of fertilizer and/or grazing animals increases the amount of Nr available for loss, especially via the atmosphere (e.g., NH3 (Sommer and Hutchings, 1997) and N2O (Fowler et al., 1997)). Thus, the effective residence times for managed ecosystems are potentially less than those for unmanaged systems. 

Moxidectin has the potential for toxicity in thin, debilitated animals, such that it is probably Inappropriate to use in the therapy of clinical cases with cyathostomosis. Grazing cohorts of animals with cyathostomosis are likely to harbour immature mucosal cyathostome burdens and the owner/manager should be warned that treatment per se has some risk of precipitating overt clinical disease. For the cohorts a slightly less-intensive protocol is advised, ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg p.o. or moxidectin 0.4 mg/kg p.o. on days 1,31, 61 and 91 or fenbendazole 10 mg/kg (7.5 mg/kg in Europe) p.o, on day 2-6, 32-36, -66 and 92-96. 

---