Grazing incidence X-ray reflectivity

Posedel D, Turkovic A, Dubcek P, Cmjak-Orel Z (2002) Grazing-incidence X-ray reflectivity on nanosized vanadium oxide and V/Ce films. Mat. Sci. Eng. 90 154-162 Prange A, Boddeker H, Kramer (1993) Determination of trace elements in river water using total-reflection X-ray fluorescence. Spectrochim Acta 48 207-215 Prange A, Kramer K, Reus U (1993) Boron nitride carriers for total reflection X-ray fluorescence. Spectrochim Acta 48 153-161... 

The actual structure at a vapor-liquid interface can be probed with x-rays. Rice and co-workers [72,73,117] use x-ray reflection to determine the composition perpendicular to the surface and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction to study the transverse structure of an interface. In a study of bismuth gallium mixtures. 

This technique (sometimes referred to as grazing incidence x-ray scattering) essentially involves conventional Bragg diffraction under conditions of total external reflection. 

Unique information about the unit cell in quasi-crystaUine monolayers can be obtained from X-ray °, neutron , heUum or low energy electron diffraction (LEED) data. In the grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) experiment the beam is directed at the coated surface at a low angle and experiences total internal reflection from the metal support underneath the monolayer. The analysis of reflectivity and diffraction pattern of this reflected beam provides information about the molecular structure of the crystalline films, the thickness and refractive index of the layers and the roughness of the surface s . These experiments, however, require sophisticated and expensive equipment and are not therefore used routinely for monolayer characterization. 

The lobster-eye optical grazing incidence X-ray objective consists of numerous tiny square cells located on the sphere and is similar to the reflective eyes of macruran crustaceans such as lobsters. The field of view can be made as large as desired, and it is practical, to achieve good efficiency for photon energies up to 10 keV. Spatial resolution of a few seconds of arc over the full field is possible, in principle, if very small reflecting cells can be fabricated. 

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