Graphite intercalation compounds GICs applications

If GO is used as a host lattice for Li+ in aprotic electrolytes, reversibility is improved [577]. The potential level is distinctly more positive than with donor GIC, at about —1 V vs. SHE. An all-solid-state Li/GO battery with PE0/LiC104 as solid electrolyte was reported by Mermoux and Touzain [578], but rechargeability is poor. Recently, the structure of graphite oxide was studied by its fluorination at 50-2()0 °C [579]. C-OH bonds were transformed into C-F bonds. The examples, in conjunction with Section 2, show that the formation or cleavage of covalent C-O (C-F) bonds makes the whole electrochemical process irreversible. Application was attempted in lithium primary batteries, which have a voltage of 2-2.5 V. Really reversible electrodes are only possible, however, with graphite intercalation compounds, which are characterized by weak polar bonds. 

It is also well known that properties of K-graphite-transition metal systems based on so called " ophite intercalation compounds GICs" are interested with respect to catalytic application in ammonia synthesis[2-4]. The studies carried out by Volpin-s group [3] at atmospheric pressure suggest that the interaction of intercalated species with the graphite network is likely to cause not only the activation of these species, but also the activation of the carbon atoms net of graphite. 

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