Graphite chemical structure

The chemical structure of the electrolyte solvents critically influences the nature of the protective film, and ethylene carbonate was found to be an essential component of the solvents that protects the highly crystalline structure of graphite. 

The pore structure and surface area of carbon-based materials determine their physical characteristics, while the surface chemical structure affects interactions with polar and nonpolar molecules due to the presence of chemically reactive fimctional groups. Active sites—edges, dislocations, and discontinuities—determine the reactivity of the carbon surface. As shown in Fig. 1, graphitic materials have at least two distinct types of surface sites, namely, the basal-plane and edge-plane sites [11]. It is generally considered... 

Fig.60. Chemical structure and SFM micrograph of monodendron-jacketed polystyrene (14-ABG-PS) adsorbed on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite [594]...

Figure 15. Graphitization of nanocrystalline graphene precursors (see Fig. 9). Chemical structures (dots represent heteroatoms or methyl groups) and stacking order are given as a function of characteristic temperatures. The polymerization and aromatization are reflected in the average lattice parameters which can be extracted from X-ray diffraction data. The correlation between the axis parameters indicates the shrinking of the cell volume [75].

These novel microstructures have extraordinary combination of physical and chemical properties [11-13], for this reason they become an important scheme of actually science work. One example of such nanomaterials is boron carbonitride (BNC) with graphite-like structure. Based on theoretical calculations, the existence of nanotube structures of BN was predicted in 1994, which was soon verified by the first synthesis of BN nanotubes in 1995. 

Carbon exists in different allotropic modifications, that is, in forms with different chemical structures. The best known are diamond and graphite, both of which are non-porous. 

It is well-known that diamond and graphite are totally different substances with dramatically different properties (see Fig. 4.9), but are however composed of the same particle types, of carbon particles. One has to stop from transferring the material characteristics to the smallest particles. The carbon particle cannot be simultaneously black and colorless it does not simultaneously have two different densities It was only through X-ray structural analysis of the 20th century which finally proved, that both carbon modifications can be differentiated through distinct chemical structures. The different arrangements of the carbon particles in diamond and graphite are responsible for the macroscopic characteristics (see Fig. 4.9). 

Fig. 4.9 Diamond and graphite characteristic properties and chemical structures...

Initial structure-property relationships have been studied using examples like diamond/graphite and white/red phosphorus (see Sect. 4.3), the modifications have been established from the same C atoms or P atoms respectively. However, the substances are drastically different in their chemical structure and therefore in their characteristic properties. The misconceptions could be corrected with the consideration that the individual C atom or P atom show absolutely no properties like color or density. Such characteristics can be determined only when a little crystal is visible (see Sect. 4.3). 

These facts have already been discussed in the examples of diamond/graphite and red/white phosphorus (see Sect. 4.3). The varying properties can be shown by differences in chemical structures. However, these structures are not easy to understand. Because it is possible to correctly demonstrate the arrangement of metal atoms using closest-sphere packing models, it is useful to look at metal structures with regard to the property structure relationships and try to address the above-mentioned misconceptions. 

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