Graph circular

For normal velocity distribution in straight circular pipes at locations preceded by runs of at least 50 diameters without pipe fittings or other obstructions, the graph in Fig. 10-7 shows the ratio of mean velocity V to velocity at the center plotted against the Reynolds number, where D = inside pipe diameter, p = flmd density, and [L = fluid viscosity, all in consistent units. Mean velocity is readily determined from this graph and a pitot reading at the center of the pipe if the quantity Du p/ I is less than 2000 or greater than 5000. The method is unreliable at intermediate values of the Reynolds number. 

Linked lists—Data items linked by pointers. In the general form, each item, except the first, has one predecessor, and each item, except the last, has one successor, with pointers linking items to their successors. Doubly linked lists have pointers to both the predecessor and the successor of an item and a circular list has a pointer from the final item to the initial item (producing a predecessor to the initial item and a successor to the final item). Restricted lists also exist, such as stacks, where items may only be added (pushed) or deleted (popped) at one end (the top), and queues, where items must be inserted at one end and deleted from the other. Trees are linked lists in which each item (node) except the root node has one predecessor, but all nodes may have any finite number, or zero, successors graphs contain both nodes and edges, which connect the nodes and define their relationships. 

Fig. 4. Time-induced conformational change of spider silk protein (spidroin) in solution. Solutions of silk proteins at 1% w/v in distilled water were monitored using circular dichroism. The graph shows a change in secondary structure with time. The silk proteins underwent a kinetically driven transition from a partially unfolded structure to a -sheet-rich structure (from Dicko et al., 2004c). ( ) after 0 days, (O) after 1 day, and (A) after 2 days. The conformational change appeared faster at 20°C compared to 5°C, suggesting a hydrophobically driven mechanism. (Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society.)...

Fig. 6. Structural stability of major ampullate silk protein in constrained Nephila edulis. The graph shows a time series of circular dichroism spectra of major ampullate (MA) protein at 1% w/v in distilled water. The spiders prior to dissection were prevented from spinning, but fed and watered for at least 2 weeks. With time, the secondary structure of silk protein is becoming more and more disordered. The arrow indicates increasing time (days). Note that the amino acid composition of the silk protein was similar to that of a native N. edulis spider. Interestingly, silk protein extracted from the constrained spider did not respond to denaturing conditions (detergents, alcohols, pH, and salts Dicko et al, 2004a, 2005).

The angular functions for the s and p. orbital are illustrated in Fig. 2.5. For an s orbital, cl> is independent of angle and is of constant value. Hence this graph is circular or, more properly, in three dimensions—spherical. For the p. orbital we obtain two tangent spheres. The px and py orbitals are identical in shape but are oriented along the x and y axes, respectively. We shall defer extensive treatment of the d orbitals (Chapter 11) and / orbitals (Chapter 14) until bond formation in coordination compounds is discussed, simply noting here that the basic angular function for tl orbitals is fout-iobed and that for / orbitals is six-lobed (see Fig. 2.91... 

Fig. 2.20. Dimensionless axial-dispersion coefficients for fluids flowing in circular pipes. In the turbulent region, graph shows upper and lower limits of a band of experimentally determined values. In the laminar region the lines are based on the theoretical equation 2.37...

Instead, they give a truer representation of the surface markings on an evidence bullet than the microscope does. The analyzer will chart every surface characteristic, however minute, and project a representation of that surface onto a linear, or perhaps circular,graph. The circular graph appears as a cross-section of the bullet. 

There have bee.i many studies of internal mixed convection, particularly in circular pipes. The conditions under which flow in a circular pipe can be assumed to be purely forced convective, purely free, and mixed convective have been presented in graphical form by Metais and Eckert [62], the form of these graphs being given in Figs. 9.26 and 9.27. Figure 9.26 applies to flow in a vertical pipe while Fig. 9.27 is for flow in a horizontal pipe. j... 

To show these holes more clearly, we have plotted in Fig. (7) circular sections through the densities, passing through the xz-plane with radius 1/3. The graphs show the momentum density as a function of the polar angle 9 in units of n. Note that the density is maximal in the z-direction (9 = tn t = 0,1,2), and in -direction (9 = tir t = 1/2,3/2),... 

Besides the remarkable directionality of the motion, the images demonstrate also a periodic variation of the cluster from an elongated to a circular shape. The diagrams in Figure 32 depict the time dependence of the displacement and the cluster size. Until the cluster was finally trapped, the speed remained fairly constant, as can be seen from the constant slope in Figure 32a. The oscillatory variation of the cluster area and shape is shown in the graph in Figure 32b. 

The small diameter of the incident beam from a stress camera or a Fastress unit is an advantage when one wishes to measure stress variations from point to point on a surface, as in the region near a weld. The stress distribution shown in Fig. 16-16, determined by a photographic method, simulates the residual stresses due to spot welding. The specimen was a steel strip 10 x 3 x inch (25 x 8 x 0.6 cm). A circular area of about I inch (1 cm) diameter, whose size is indicated on the graph, was heated locally to about 700°C for a few seconds by clamping the strip at its center between the two electrodes... 

Figure 15.7 Longitudinal SWNT deformations at 77, 300, and 600 K as indicated by the distribution of C-C-C angles for the highlighted carbon atoms illustrated on a section of the SWNT wall. Each graph represents a distribution of C-C-C angle populations over 5000 steps of the 5.0 ps molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The longitudinal C-C-C angle of a perfectly circular and straight armchair SWNT is 180°. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [72] Copyr t 2001 by the American Chemical Society.)...

Fig. 1.1 Morphological and biochemical studies (a) One biochemical approach to study enzymes is to analyze the activity levels with results plotted on a graph and to include error bars from multiple assays. The morphological approach gives information about where the enzyme is located. Three different types of liver cells are shown here as circular, elongated, and rectangular, (b) The enzyme (dark cells) can be located in all the different types of liver cells, (c) More likely the enzyme is found in only one cell type, the rectangular cells, (d) As a result of disease, the enzyme may be expressed in only a small number of cells in a single cell type, (e) Following an injury, the enzyme may be expressed in multiple cell types located near the injury sites...

Figure 4.31 shows a plot of Eq. 4.89 for a circular cylinder cavity with perfectly conducting walls and various values of D/L. As is clear from the graph, the Nusselt number rises very steeply with Ra after initiation of convection, and very rapidly approaches the value of Nu for the horizontally extensive cavity. This behavior is consistent with the conduction layer model at high Ra, the conduction layers on the walls at the sides are so thin that they have no effect on the heat transfer at sufficiently low Ra, they are so thick that they overlap (even though those on the horizontal plates do not), so that their presence governs the condition for a stationary fluid. 

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