Goudsmit. Samuel

Goodchild, Peter. 1980. J. Robert Oppenheimer Shatterer of Worlds. Houghton Mifflin. Goodrich, H. B., et al. 1951. The origins of U. S. scientists. Scient c American. July. Goran, Morris. 1967. The Story of Fritz Haber. University of Oklahoma Press. Goudsmit, Samuel A. 1947. Alsos. Henry Schuman. 

Goudsmit Samuel A., 3, 10 Gour Jeffrey R., 657 Grabowski Ireneusz, 635 Grabowski Zbigniew Ryszard, 962 Gradshtein Israil... 

In late fall 1925, the Dutch physicists G. Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit gave a physical interpretation to Pauli s postulate of a fourth quantum number. The electron, they proposed, may spin in one of two directions. In a given atom, a pair of electrons having three identical quantum-number values must have their spin axes oriented in opposite directions, and if paired oppositely in a single orbital, they neutralize each other magnetically. 22... 

Uhlenbeck, G. E., and Samuel Goudsmit. "Zuschriften und vorlaufige Mitteilungen." Naturwissenschaften 13 (1925) 953954. 

Photograph taken by Samuel A. Goudsmit. Courtesy of American Institute of Physics Emilio Segre Visual Archives. 

The concept of electron spin was developed by Samuel Goudsmit and George Uhlenbeck in 1925 while they were graduate students at the University of Leyden in the Netherlands. They found that a fourth quantum number (in addition to n, t, and me) was necessary to account for the details of the emission spectra of atoms. The new quantum number adopted to describe this phenomenon, called the electron spin quantum number (ms), can have only one of two values, + and — j. 

Samuel Abraham Goudsmit (1902-1978). Dutch-American physicist. While a student of Paul Ehrenfest at the University of Leiden in 1925, he and fellow student George Uhlenbeck postulated the existence of intrinsic electron spin. Goudsmit was the scientific leader of Operation Alsos at the end of World War 11, whose mission was to determine the progress of German efforts toward an atomic bomb. 

George Eugene Uhlenbeck (1900-1988). Dutch-American physicist. Born in Indonesia (then a Dutch colony), Uhlenbeck studied at the University of Leiden with Paul Ehrenfest, where he, with fellow student Samuel Goudsmit, postulated the existence of intrinsic electron spin. In addition to his work on quantum mechanics, Uhlenbeck made fundamental advances in statistical mechanics and the theory of random processes. 

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