Goldenrod

For catarrhal conditions, combine either the berries or blossoms with goldenrod (Solidago species), boneset and wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria). 

Elder blossoms, eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) and goldenrod herb make a beneficial infusion to treat hay fever due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 

The Wild Ones was founded by naturalist and teacher Lorrie Otto. She planted blue and white aster Aster azureus), yellow goldenrod (Solidago... 

Eupatorium rugosum) of the midwest and rayless goldenrod Haplopappus heterophyllus) of the southwest (Cheeke, 1998). Both are highly toxic to humans and animals and numerous poisonings have occurred. 

The second alcohol toxin of significance is tremetol, the toxin found in white snakeroot in the midwest and ray less goldenrod in the southwest. Tremetol is an oily extract of the plant and was first associated with the toxic effects, and named appropriately by Couch in 1927. Tremetol is a mixture of methyl ketone benzofuran derivatives, including tremetone, dehydrotremetone, and hydroxytremetone (Beier and Norman, 1990). 

Herbaceous weeds were a major cause of regeneration failure in some stands following turn-of-the-century logging. Forest openings became dominated by species of fern, grass, goldenrod, and aster, which are present today, 60 or more years after logging. 

Results of these experiments showed that most concentrations of fern, goldenrod, and aster foliage extract caused significant reductions in the germination of black cherry seed. Grass extract inhibited germination at the lowest concentration, but not a higher concentrations. 

The exact mechanism of polymer initiation is unknown. Initiation of rubber synthesis has been studied in several plants and a common finding is that the end groups found in low molecular weight rubber (such as rubber from goldenrod and H. brasiliensis leaves) are not made up of c/x-isoprene units, unlike the bulk of the rubber [259, 260]. Structural studies [261, 262] have led to the suggestion that the Cl5 FPP may be the most common initiator in vivo, at least in H. brasiliensis. 

Fig. 4. Field of mixed plants but mostly goldenrod and New England Aster.

Goldenrod is a perennial wildflower with a multitude of varieties. It is the state flower of Alabama, Nebraska, and Kentucky. Most species have feathery, rich sprays of florets atop sturdy stems. These small clusters of yellow flowers are prominent features of the landscape in September and October, and signal the end of summer. Goldenrod blooms late and dries down slowly, probably owing to the protective waxy epidermis of its stem. 

Goldenrod is an erect perennial with simple, alternate, toothed or smooth-margined leaves. Its dried leaves have been used for a tealike beverage by the Indians. 

Fig. 6. Cross sections of SSPs, to scale (left to right) (A) New England Aster, Ambrosia Kinghead, evening primrose (B) horseweed, cockleburr, thistle (C) Dames Rocket, goldenrod, sunflower.

The arrangement of trans isoprene-units is observed more in detail from the 13C-NMR signal splitting of C-l methylene carbon [94, 97], as shown in Figure 11.19. The mushroom rubber shows two peaks due to the trans isoprene-unit in dimethylallyl-trans and trans-trans linkages similar to those of the two-trans polyprenol. On the other hand, the rubbers from Goldenrod and Sunflower exhibit three peaks similar to the overlap of peaks of two-trans and three-trans polyprenols. This suggests the presence... 

Figure 11.19 Splittings of the C-l methylene carbon signal of (a) rubber from L. volemus, (b) three-trans Ficaprenol-11, (c) two-trans Betulaprenol-18, (d) rubber from Sunflower, (e) rubber from Goldenrod, (f) thr ee-trans Ficaprenol-12 and (g) two-trans Betulapreno-16. (13C-NMR measurements at 100 MHz for (a) to (c) at room temperature for (d) to (f) at 50 °C)...

A number of plants and some trees contain a white, milky liquid that is released when the stem or bark is cut. The liquid is called a latex from the Latin meaning liquid. Common sources include dandelions, milkweed, goldenrod, and potted rubber plants. Rubber trees, from which substantial quantities of latex can be harvested, grow in some tropical areas of the world. A major constituent of this latex is a homopolymer of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), called polyisoprene. Polyisoprene, as well as a number of other elastomers, has a carbon-carbon double bond in every repeat unit. The properties of polyisoprene are the result of the presence of these double bonds. Just as stereochemistry plays a critical role in both proteins and polysaccharides, we will see its importance here. 

Venus, burdock, columbine, coltsfoot, daisy, eringo, featherfew, figwort, goldenrod, marshmallow, mint, mother-wort, mugwort, catnip, pennyroyal, plantain, periwinkle, poppy, purslane, primrose, strawberry, yarrow. 

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