Gold, electrochemistry

Bondarenko, A., G. Ragoisha, N. Osipovich, and E. Streltsov (2006). Multiparametric electrochemical characterisation of te-cu-pb atomic three-layer structure deposition on polycrystalline gold. Electrochemistry Communications 8(6), 921-926. 

Manne S, Flansma P K, Massie J, Elings V B and Gewirth A A 1991 Atomic-resolution electrochemistry with the atomic force microscope copper deposition on gold Science 251 183... 

Porter M D, Bright T B, Allara D L and Chidsey C E D 1987 Spontaneously organized molecular assemblies. 4. Structural characterization of normal-alkyl thiol monolayers on gold by optical ellipsometry, infrared-spectroscopy, and electrochemistry J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109 3559-68... 

Because silver, gold and copper electrodes are easily activated for SERS by roughening by use of reduction-oxidation cycles, SERS has been widely applied in electrochemistry to monitor the adsorption, orientation, and reactions of molecules at those electrodes in-situ. Special cells for SERS spectroelectrochemistry have been manufactured from chemically resistant materials and with a working electrode accessible to the laser radiation. The versatility of such a cell has been demonstrated in electrochemical reactions of corrosive, moisture-sensitive materials such as oxyhalide electrolytes [4.299]. 

The limited anodic potential range of mercury electrodes has precluded their utility for monitoring oxidizable compounds. Accordingly, solid electrodes with extended anodic potential windows have attracted considerable analytical interest. Of the many different solid materials that can be used as working electrodes, the most often used are carbon, platinum, and gold. Silver, nickel, and copper can also be used for specific applications. A monograph by Adams (17) is highly recommended for a detailed description of solid-electrode electrochemistry. 

The microarray electrodes used for solid state electrochemistry are a slight variation of the transistor decribed in Sect. 5.2.2 The most appealing feature is the location of all the necessary electrodes on a single microchip, the reference electrode being provided by the application of a droplet of silver epoxy to one of the gold micro electrodes (Fig. 7). 

Mori E, Baker CK, Reynolds JR, Rajeshwar K (1988) Aqueous electrochemistry of tellurium at glassy carbon and gold A combined voltammetry-oscillating quartz crystal microgravimetry study. J Electroanal Chem 252 441 51... 

Mohamed, A.A., Bruce, A.E. and Bruce, M.R.M. (1999) The electrochemistry of gold and silver complexes, in Chemistry of Organic Derivatives of Gold and Silver (ed. S. Patai), John Wiley and Sons,... 

Zhu, S., Gorski, W., Powell, D.R. and Walmsley, J.A. (2006) Synthesis, structures, and electrochemistry of gold(III) ethylenediamine complexes and interactions with guanosme 5 -monophosphate. Inorganic Chemistry,... 

In the catalysis community, there is considerable interest in the catalytic properties of oxide-supported nanocrystalline gold, which has been found to be remarkably active for the oxidation of CO [Hamta, 1997]. In electrochemistry, the ability of gold to oxidize CO, in the absence of an oxide support, has been known for many years [Roberts and Sawyer, 1964],... 

Bhzanac BB, Arenz M, Ross PN, Markovic NM. 2004b. Surface electrochemistry of CO on reconstructed gold single crystal surfaces studied by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and rotating disk electrode. J Am Chem Soc 126 10130-10141. 

Burke LD, Nugent PF. 1997. The electrochemistry of gold I The redox behaviour of the metal in aqueous media. Gold Bull 30(2) 43-53. 

As was mentioned above, reports on the application of AFM in siru in electrochemistry are few. One such report concerns the study of the under-potential deposition (upd) of copper on gold and reinforces the need for caution when employing repulsive AFM to the study of adsorbed species. 

Figure 2.116 Work function

D.T. Sawyer and J.L. Roberts, Electrochemistry of oxygen and superoxide ion in dimethyl sulfoxide at platinum, gold, and mercury electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 12, 90-101 (1966). 

K.D. Gleria, H.A.O. Hill, V.J. Lowe, and D.J. Page, Direct electrochemistry of horse-heart cytochrome c at amino acid-modified gold electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 213, 333-338 (1986). 

Y. Tian, L. Mao, T. Okajima, and T. Ohsaka, Electrochemistry and electrocatalytic activities of superoxide dismutases at gold electrodes modified with a self-assembled monolayer. Anal. Chem. 76, 4162-4168 (2004). 

Moreover, it has been demonstrated that CNTs promote the direct electrochemistry of enzymes. Dong and coworkers have reported the direct electrochemistry of microperoxidase 11 (MP-11) using CNT-modified GC electrodes [101] and layer-by-layer self-assembled films of chitosan and CNTs [102], The immobilized MP-11 has retained its bioelectrocatalytic activity for the reduction of H202 and 02, which can be used in biosensors or biofuel cells. The direct electrochemistry of catalase at the CNT-modified gold and GC electrodes has also been reported [103-104], The electron transfer rate involving the heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple for catalase on the CNT-modified electrode is much faster than that on an unmodified electrode or other... 

L. Wang, J. Wang, and F. Zhou, Direct electrochemistry of catalase at a gold electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes. Electroanalysis 16, 627-632 (2004). 

The first reports on direct electrochemistry of a redox active protein were published in 1977 by Hill [49] and Kuwana [50], They independently reported that cytochrome c (cyt c) exhibited virtually reversible electrochemistry on gold and tin doped indium oxide (ITO) electrodes as revealed by cyclic voltammetry, respectively. Unlike using specific promoters to realize direct electrochemistry of protein in the earlier studies, recently a novel approach that only employed specific modifications of the electrode surface without promoters was developed. From then on, achieving reversible, direct electron transfer between redox proteins and electrodes without using any mediators and promoters had made great accomplishments. 

The electrochemistry of Mb has been achieved by using mercury electrodes [93], methyl-viologen-modified gold electrodes [94], and ultraclean and hydrophilic indium... 

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