Goethites

5 isomer shift reiative to a-Fe at room temperature, 2s quadrupoie shift, A quadrupoie spiitting, B magnetic hyperfine fieid, f. Mossbauer fraction reiative to that of hematite [i9]. 

Below the Verwey transition, at about 120 K, the Mossbauer spectrum of magnetite can be properly decomposed into five components (Table 20.2), one related to Fe ions on the tetrahedral sites and four corresponding to Fe and Fe ions on two nonequivalent octahedral sites [59,60]. This methodology was successfully used to analyze the MS at 77 K of a magnetite as a corrosion product [61,62]. 

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Hydroxide Fe(OH)3 (Fe + plus OH ) has definite existence and there are many ill-deiined hydrates used as pigments. FeOOH has two forms goethite and lepidocrocite. Colloidal Fe(OH)3 is easily obtained as a deep red sol. Many Fe(III) hydroxy complexes are known. Fe(OH)2 may be formed from Fe and OH" in the absence of O2 but it is very readily oxidized. 

Fig. XIII-9. The dependence of the flotation properties of goethite on surface charge. Upper curves are potential as a function of pH at different concentrations of sodium chloride lower curves are the flotation recovery in 10 M solutions of dodecylammo-nium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or sodium dodecyl sulfonate. (From Ref. 99.)...

Galena, see Eead sulfite Glauber s salt, see Sodium sulfate 10-water Goethite, see Iron(II) hydroxide oxide Goslarite, see Zinc sulfate 7-water Graham s salt, see Sodium phosphate(l —) Graphite, see Carbon... 

Fig. 10. Relationship between the lEP and the floatabiUty of a typical oxide mineral (Goethite Fe202 At pH > pH p the 2eta potential has a...

Minerals. Iron-bearing minerals are numerous and are present in most soils and rocks. However only a few minerals are important sources of iron and thus called ores. Table 2 shows the principle iron-bearing minerals. Hematite is the most plentiful iron mineral mined, followed by magnetite, goethite, siderite, ilmenite, and pyrite. Siderite is unimportant in the United States, but is an important source of iron in Europe. Tlmenite is normally mined for titania with iron as a by-product. Pyrite is roasted to recover sulfur in the form of sulfur dioxide, leaving iron oxide as a by-product. 

Parameter Hematite Magnetite Goethite Siderite Ilmenite Pyrite... 

The Utah deposit is located in southwestern Utah near Cedar City. The iron ore deposits are of contact metamorphic origin. The cmde ore contains 35 to 65% iron, primarily in the form of magnetite and goethite. Mining is done by the open pit method. The cmde ore is cmshed, screened at —75 mm (—200 mesh size) and shipped as lump ore containing 54% iron. The ore is rescreened at the steel mill to produce lump ore (10—64 mm) for the blast furnace and sinter feed (0—10 mm) for the sinter plant. 

Iron Oxide Reds. From a chemical point of view, red iron oxides are based on the stmcture of hematite, a-Fe202, and can be prepared in various shades, from orange through pure red to violet. Different shades are controlled primarily by the oxide s particle si2e, shape, and surface properties. Production. Four methods are commercially used in the preparation of iron oxide reds two-stage calcination of FeS047H2 O precipitation from an aqueous solution thermal dehydration of yellow goethite, a-FeO(OH) and oxidation of synthetic black oxide, Fe O. ... 

The final product of all the above processes is iron(III) oxide, a-Fe202, but its properties are deterrnined by the method of preparation. Thermal dehydration of goethite yields a pigment of lowest (4.5 g/cm ) density. The highest (5.2 g/cm ) density pigment is one prepared by two-stage calcination. The particle si2e varies from 0.3 to 4 p.m the refractive index varies from 2.94 to 3.22. 

Iron Oxide Yellows. From a chemical point of view, synthetic iron oxide yellows, also known as iron gelbs, are based on the iron(III) oxide—hydroxide, a-FeO(OH), known as goethite. Color varies from light yellows to dark buffs and is primarily determined by particle size, which is usually between 0.1 and 0.8 p.m. Because of their resistance to alkahes, these are used by the building industry to color cement. Thermally, iron oxide yellows are stable up to 177°C above this temperature they dehydrate to iron(III) oxide ... 

The goethite process precipitates crystalline aFeO-OH (goethite) as well as PFeO-OH, aFe202, and amorphous phases. The reaction is carried out at 90°C and pH 3.0, for 4—6 h in either batch or continuous fashion, and the iron(III) ion must be kept <1 g/L. Both jarosite and goethite soHds are usually lagooned. 

The laterites can be divided into three general classifications (/) iron nickeliferrous limonite which contains approximately 0.8—1.5 wt % nickel. The nickel to cobalt ratios for these ores are typically 10 1 (2) high siUcon serpentinous ores that contain more than 1.5 wt % nickel and (J) a transition ore between type 1 and type 2 containing about 0.7—0.2 wt % nickel and a nickel to cobalt ratio of approximately 50 1. Laterites found in the United States (8) contain 0.5—1.2 wt % nickel and the nickel occurs as the mineral goethite. Cobalt occurs in the lateritic ore with manganese oxide at an estimated wt % of 0.06 to 0.25 (9). 

This is oxidised to ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)3, which is a simple form of rust. The final product is the familiar reddish brown rust Fe203 -H20, of which there are a number of varieties, the most common being the a form (goethite) and the 7 form (lepidocrocite). In situations where the supply of oxygen is restricted, Fe3 04 (magnetite) or 7 FejOj may be formed. 

As in dissolution, a chemical and structural change can occur from hydrolysis as the ions replaced by or OH may be of a different size so that the crystal structure is stressed and weakened. An example of this is the weathering of feldspar or goethite by H ... 

Back-arc spreading center 1 North Fiji Basin, Station 4 (16°59 S. 173°55 E) 1980 Axial graben at topographic high of north-central segment near triple junction. Sheet lava floor. Active (r = 290°C) anhydrite chimneys standing on dead sulfide mound. Forest of dead sulfide chimneys. Anhydrite, amorphous silica in dead chimneys pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, wurtzite, goethite. 

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