GMP-dependent protein kinase

In addition, vinpocetine selectively inhibits a specific calcium, calmodulin-dependent cycHc nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDF) isozyme (16). As a result of this inhibition, cycHc guanosine 5 -monophosphate (GMP) levels increase. Relaxation of smooth muscle seems to be dependent on the activation of cychc GMP-dependent protein kinase (17), thus this property may account for the vasodilator activity of vinpocetine. A review of the pharmacology of vinpocetine is available (18). 

CREB stands for cyclic-AMP response element (CRE) binding protein and is a transcription factor. When phosphorylated by cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinases or other protein kinases it binds to gene promoters that contain a specific binding site. After binding, the respective transcription activity is modulated. 

Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) are formed enzymatically from the corresponding triphosphates. As ubiquitous second messengers, they mediate many cellular functions which are initiated by first (extracellular) messengers. Their prime targets in eucaryotic cells are protein kinases ( cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase), ion channels and ensymes. 

Cyclic-AMP Response Element Binding Protein Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase Cyclic GMP-regulated Phosphodiesterases Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (Cyclic GMP cGMP)... 

Fig. 9.1 Nitric oxide mediated inhibition of platelet activation. Abbreviations used NO, nitric oxide EDRF, endothelium-derived relaxing factor GC, guanylyl cyclase PDE, phosphodiesterase cGMP-PK, GMP-dependent protein kinase Raplb, small GTPase Raplb ...

Feil R, Lohmann SM, de Jonge H, et al. Cyclic GMP dependent protein kinases and the cardiovascular system insights from genetically modified mice. Circ Res. 2003 93 907-916. 

El-Husseini AE, Bladen C, Vincent SR (1995) Molecular characterization of a type II cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase expressed in the rat brain. J Neurochem 64 2814-7... 

Hall KU, Collins SP, Gamm DM, Massa E, DePaoli-Roach AA, Uhler MD (1999) Phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of protein phosphatase-1 by G-substrate. A Purkinje cell substrate of the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 274 3485-95 Han J, Mark MD, Li X, Xie M, Waka S, Rettig J, Herlitze S (2006) RGS2 determines short-term synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons by regulating Gi/o-mediated inhibition of presynap-tic Ca2+ channels. Neuron 51 575-86... 

Wang X, Robinson PJ (1997) Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase and cellular signaling in the nervous system. J Neurochem 68 443-56... 

Tao, Y. X., Hassan, A., Haddad, E., and Johns, R. A. (2000). Expression and action of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase Ialpha in inflammatory hyperalgesia in rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 95, 525-533. 

Sauzeau, V., Le Jeune, H., Cario-Toumaniantz, C, Smolensk , A., Lohmann, S.M., Bertoglio, J., Chardin, P., Pacaud, P., and Loirand, G. (2000). Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase signaling pathway inhibits RhoA-induced Ca2- - sensitization of contraction in vascular smooth muscle. 7 Bio/ Chem 275 21722-21729. 

Keef KD. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase activates cloned BKCa channels expressed in mammalian cells by direct phosphorylation at serine 1072. J. Biol. Chem. 1999 274 10927-10935. 42. 

Hofmann F. The biology of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 2005 280 1-4. 

Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase signaling pathway inhibits RhoA-induced Ca + sensitization of contraction in vascular 45. smooth muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 2000 275 21722-21729. 

Frands SH, Corbin JD. Progress in understanding the mechanism and fimction of cydic GMP-dependent protein kinase. Adv Pharmacol 1994 26 115-170. 

P. StrAlfors and P. Belfrage, Phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase, FEBS Lett., 1985, 780, 280-284. 

D. Steinberg, Activation of hormone-sensitive lipase and phosphorylase kinase by purified cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1977, 74, 4843-4847. 

The large ealiber fibers within the compartments of the white matter could be identified as Purkinje cell axons with axonal tracing methods and immunohistochemistry with Purkinje cell-specific antibodies. They appear as discrete bundles, separated by narrow gaps with antibodies against cyelic GMP-dependent protein kinase (De Camilli et al.,... 

Several markers for adult Purkinje cells have been used to trace back their origin. Wassef and Sotelo (1984) studied the expression of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) immunoreactivity during development of the rat (Fig. 155). They found a transient heterogeneity of the Purkinje cells for an antibody against cyclic GMP-dependent... 

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