Glycolysis defined

Glycolysis, defined as above, is very common in the biosphere. There are numerous variants of the beginning of the process. The entry into the pathway varies from one carbohydrate to another, as Fig. 37 sufficiently illustrates. 

While glycolysis technologies can deal with non-PET components with varying degrees of success, methanolysis and hydrolysis produce discrete slates of definable molecules that can be separated and purified. Methanolysis has been... 

Terms in bold are defined glycolysis 522 fermentation 522 lactic acid fermentation hypoxia 523 ethanol (alcohol) fermentation 523 isozymes 526... 

Both competing reductions consume the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and thereby interfere with the redox balance of the cell and feedback on glycolysis where NADH is regenerated on the one hand, while on the other hand NAD+ is required to keep the glycolytic pathway running. The nonlinear dynamical model combines the network of glycolysis and the additional pathways of the xenobiotics to predict the asymmetric yield (enantiomeric excess, ee) of L-versus D-carbinol for different environmental conditions (Fig. 3.4). Here, the enantiomeric excess of fluxes vy and i>d is defined as... 

The term biomarker molecule has recently been defined as compounds that characterize certain biotic sources and that retain their source information after burial in sediments, even after some alteration. The catabolic and anabolic pathways that are responsible for the formation of many of the biomarker compounds occur through an intermediary metabolism via glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 

Be able to define glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the Krebs cycle, urea cycle, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and p oxidation and describe how these pathways interact with each other. 

For more than forty years, the potential for nephrotoxicity, particularly when fluoride induced, has influenced every aspect of the development of new inhaled anesthetics. This concern is based on the experience with methoxyflurane, which was introduced in the US in 1%0 [89]. The exact mechanism(s) responsible for fluoride nephrotoxicity have not been defined. The fluoride ion interferes with normal cell function on several levels. Fluoride inhibits several cellular enzyme systems and diminishes tissue respiration and anaerobic glycolysis [90]. The lethal dose of sodium fluoride in humans is approximately 5 g [90]. In the kidney. 

VIP has a large number of ill-defined physiological actions, some of which are shared with other similar polypeptide hormones (secretin and GIF). It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and autonomic nervous systems and causes vasodilation and relaxation of the smooth muscles of the circulatory and genitourinary systems and the gut. Other actions of VIP include an increase of water and electrolyte secretion from the pancreas and gut release of hormones from the pancreas, gut, and hypothalamus stimulation of lipolysis, glycolysis, and bile flow and inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion. Most of the actions of VIP tend to be of short duration because of its rapid degradation. 

The answer is b. (Murray, pp 123-148. Scriver, pp 2367-2424. Sack, pp 159-175. Wilson, pp 287-317.) Aerobic glycolysis can be defined as the oxidative conversion of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate. In the process, two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are produced. Since reducing equivalents from the two molecules of NADH produced in the cytoplasm must be transported into the mitochondrion for oxidation, it is not known how many ATP molecules are produced. On the assumption that two ATP molecules are formed per molecule of NADH oxidized via the glycerol phosphate shuttle, the ATP yield in aerobic glycolysis can be calculated as six ATP molecules per mole of glucose utilized. 

The link between the biochemical effects of sulphur mustard - such as its reaction with DNA and the subsequent inhibition of glycolysis - and its vesicant action still remains poorly defined, although it is known that the local release of tissue proteases may damage the dermo-epidermal junction (Einbinder et al., 1966 Kahl and Pearson, 1967 Briggamann et al., 1984) and this idea has been incorporated into the mechanistic... 

Define substrate-level phosphorylation. Which two reactions in glycolysis are in this category ... 

Fermentation is defined as an energy-yielding metabolic pathway that involves no net change in oxidation state. Anaerobic glycolysis is a type of fermentation. The lactic acid fermentation (conversion of glucose to lactate) is important in the manufacture of cheese. Another important fermentation involves cleavage of pyruvate to acetaldehyde and C02, with the acetaldehyde then reduced to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase in the reaction that follows ... 

The classical example of a biochemical oscillator is glycolysis. Damped oscillations were observed in the NADH fluorescence of yeast cell suspensions. Sustained oscillations were notable in yeast glycolysis (Figure 8.25) within a clearly defined range of substrate infusion rates, outside of which steady-state behavior was obtained. 

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