Glycols, defined ethers

Platinum salts were incorporated into water in an oil emulsion, e.g. penta-ethylene glycol dodecyl ether in hexadecane/water (= inverted micelle) with well-defined cavities. The platinum colloids which are then produced by hydrazine hydrate are uniform. No measurable particles fell outside the limit of... 

Cationic polymerizations are not only important commercial processes, but, in some cases, are attractive laboratory techniques for preparing well-defined polymers and copolymers. Polyacetal, poly(tetramethyl-ene glycol), poly(e-caprolactam), polyaziridine, polysiloxanes, as well as butyl rubber, poly(N-vinyl carbazol), polyindenes, and poly(vinyl ether)s are synthesized commercially by cationic polymerizations. Some of these important polymers can only be prepared cationically. Living cationic polymerizations recently have been developed in which polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersity can be prepared. 

NOTE For all listings above which contain the word compounds and for glycol ethers, the following applies Unless otherwise specified, these listings are defined as including any unique chemical substance that contains the named chemical (i.e., antimony, arsenic, etc.) as part of that chemicals infrastructure. 

Three important processes have evolved from Reppe s work. Vinylation, the formation of vinyl derivatives by reaction of such compounds as acids, glycols, and alcohols with acetylene, produces the important vinyl esters and vinyl ethers. Ethinylation is defined as the reaction of acetylene with the carbon atom of a reactant without loss of the triple bond. A major application of the ethinylation reaction is to aldehydes and ketones to give alkynols and alkyndiols—e.g., the reaction of acetylene with formaldehyde to give propargyl alcohol and butyn-2-diol-l,4. Carboxylation (also referred to as carbonylation), the reaction of acetylene with carbon monoxide in the presence of metal carbonyls, has been applied to the production of acrylic acid, acrylates, and hydroquinone. 

Functionality in polymerization is, however, defined only for a given reaction. Thus, a glycol, HOROH, has a functionality of 2 in esterification or ether-forming reactions, but its functionality is zero in amide forming reactions. 

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