Glyco forms

Applications of CIEF for the separation of isoforms of transferrin have been reported by several groups [1,2,5]. Transferrin contains different number of sialic add residues, with an additional -1 charge added per residue. Also, transferrin bound to different amount of iron atoms has been separated by CIEF [1,2,5]. Glyco-forms of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activa-... 

Umana, P., Jean-Mairet, J., Moudry, R., Am-stutz, H., Bailey, J.E., Engineered glyco-forms of an antineuroblastoma IgGl with optimized antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic activity. Nat. Biotechnol. 1999, 17, 176-180. 

Biopharmaceuticals are manufactured in hving systems and therefore exhibit inherent variabihty (heterogeneity) in the finished product (e.g., different glyco-forms, truncated molecules, deamidated molecules, etc.), which may have an effect on the biological activity of the product. It is important to understand the structure-function relationships of any such related substances. 

Similar MEKC conditions were used to monitor rhEPO glycosylation during continuous culture of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in a fluidized-bed bioreactor [160]. While individual glyco-forms were not separated under these conditions, clear differences in both peak shapes and migration times were observed when compared with unglycosylated EPO, suggesting that adequate glycosylation was obtained. Analysis of the product by 2D-electrophoresis provided further evidence that the required isoforms had been obtained. 

According to more recent investigations there are also differences with respect to the molecular weight and relative proportion of individual glyco-forms within the PrP fraction between individual strains. In addition, it is possible to distinguish between them by using various antibodies. 

The variations (heterogeneity) of the saccharides at a single glycosylation site in a protein as found in ovalbumin (the so-called glyco forms). 

Many primary fatty amides which are available from various manufacturers are Hsted in Table 3. In 1986 approximately 55,000 metric tons of amides and bisamides were produced world wide (58), the majority of which are bisamides, followed in volume by primary amides. Most of these products are shipped in sohd form in bag or dmm quantities. Major producers of primary fatty amides are Akzo, Glyco, Humko, and Sherex. Bisamides are produced by Akzo, Milacron, and Syntex. There are over 100 producers of alkanolamides in the world, most of which are small specialized manufacturers to a specific industry. GAP, Henkel, Sherex, and Witco are among the principal producers. The most widely used alkanolamides are the Ai,Ai-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) fatty amides, mostly produced from middle-cut coco fatty acids (6% capryflc, 7% capric, 51% lauric, 19% myristic, 9% palmitic, and 2% stearic acids). An estimated 77,000 metric tons of alkanolamide was produced worldwide in 1986 (59). 

Base-plate wax compositions are generally regarded as trade secrets. A substantial percentage of paraffin is usually present, probably 50—80 wt %. Beeswax [8012-89-3] camauba wax [8015-86-9] ceresin, microcrystalline waxes, Acrawax C (Glyco Products Co. Inc.), mastic gum, rosin [8050-09-7] and synthetic resins may make up the balance of the formulation. Base-plate waxes are generally sold in sheet form about 1.3 mm thick, 75 mm wide, and 140 mm long. 

Nelson finds that when ascaridol sutlers rearrangement, cither by healing or by treatment with ferrous snlpbate, there are Iwo other bodies formed besides the glycol described by Schimmel. One of these is also a glyco), which he terms /I-glycoI, to distinguish it from the other one, It has the formula sod is decomposed with the... 

Cellulose consists of several thousand o-glucose units linked by l- 4-/3-glyco-side bonds like those in cellobiose. Different cellulose molecules then interact to form a large aggregate structure held together by hydrogen bonds. 

The observations recorded in Tables I and II reveal that no product was isolated when reaction of a sugar was attempted with the following classes of carbonyl-containing compound monocarbonyl compounds a-ketonic acids or esters y-carbonyl compounds and /3-carbonyl compounds yielding a high percentage of enolic form. A possible course (A) has been formulated for the reaction which occurs with appropriate substances this takes into consideration the mobility of the enol and the reactivity of the glyco-... 

Figure 9.17 Alpha and beta anomers of maltose. When only the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of one of the monosaccharide residues is involved in the glyco-sidic linkage, the anomeric hydroxyl group on the other residue is still free. This permits two possible orientations, which are described as either alpha or beta forms of the monosaccharide residue.

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