Glycerol enzymatic synthesis

Details for a manufacture of 10 ton/week are given. It was pointed out that the reaction is reversible and that an enzymatic synthesis of fat from glycerol and fatty acid was described by Welter in 1911 (Ullmann, 1914). For the chill-proofing of beer proteolytic enzymes have been used successfully since 1911 in the USA (Tauber, 1949). Lintner, as early as 1890, observed that wheat diastase interacts in dough making. This effect was extensively studied, the addition of malt extract came into practice, and American bakers in 1922 used 30 million pounds of malt extract valued 2.5 million dollars (Tauber, 1949). The production of pectinases began around 1930 for use in the fruit industiy (Schweizerische Ferment, now part of Novo Nordisk). 

Miura, S., Ogawa, A., and Konishi, H. 1999. A rapid method for enzymatic synthesis and purification of the structured triacylglycerol, l,3-Dilauroyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol. I. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76, 927-931. 

Ayorinde, F.O., C.P. Nwaonicha, V.N. Parchment, K.A. Bryant, M. Hassan, and M.T. Clayton. 1993. Enzymatic synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of 1,3-divemoloyl glycerol from Vernonia galamensis seed oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 70 129-132. 

Berger, M., Laumen, K., and Schneider, M.P. 1992. Enzymatic synthesis of glycerol 1. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of regioisomericaUy pure l,3- -diacylglycerols. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 69 955-960. 

Stetten, M.R. Enzymatic synthesis of glycerol I-phosphate. Elevation in diabetic and fasted animals, compared with glucose-6-phosphatase and related enzyme activities. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 208, 394-403 (1970)... 

Basically, the polyglycerol ethers are oligo ethers from glycerol, where the hydroxyl groups in the 1 and 3 position of the glycerol moiety is etherified. The enzymatic synthesis of polyglycerol fatty acid esters as a transesterification from the fatty methyl esters has been described (16). Lipozyme is used as catalyst and no solvent is needed. 

The enzymatic synthesis of [ C]18 1-ACP Isoforms was according to a published procedure (9), and was purified through the octyl sepharose step. Oleoyl-ACP thloesterase was partially purified from spinach tissue by methods which Involved acid precipitation and either Ion-exchange or affinity chromatography (7,8). Glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE and... 

Wada, E., Handa, M., Imamura, K. etal. (2002) Enzymatic synthesis of AZ-acyl-L-amino acids in a glycerol-water system using acylase I from pig kidney. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 79, 41-46. 

Mordn, M. C., Pinazo, A., Perez, L. et al. (2004a) Enzymatic synthesis and physicochemical characterization of glycerol arginine-hased surfactants. C. R. Chim., 7, 169-176. 

Usai, E.M., Gualdi, E., SoUnas, V., Battistel, E., 2010. Simultaneous enzymatic synthesis of FAME and triacetyl glycerol from triglycerides and methyl acetate. Bioresource Technology 101, 7707-7712. 

Monoglyceride (MG) is one of the most important emulsifiers in food and pharmaceutical industries [280], MG is industrially produced by trans-esterification of fats and oils at high temperature with alkaline catalyst. The synthesis of MG by hydrolysis or glycerolysis of triglyceride (TG) with immobilized lipase attracted attention recently, because it has mild reaction conditions and avoids formation of side products. Silica and celite are often used as immobilization carriers [281], But the immobilized lipase particles are difficult to reuse due to adsorption of glycerol on this carriers [282], PVA/chitosan composite membrane reactor can be used for enzymatic processing of fats and oils. The immobilized activity of lipase was 2.64 IU/cm2 with a recovery of 24%. The membrane reactor was used in a two-phase system reaction to synthesize monoglyceride (MG) by hydrolysis of palm oil, which was reused for at least nine batches with yield of 32-50%. 

Fessner, W.D., and Sinerius, G., Synthesis of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (and isosteric analogues) by enzymatic oxidation sugars from glycerol. Angew. Chem. bit. Ed. Engl, 1994, 33, 209. 

Several enzymatic procedures have been developed for the synthesis of carbohydrates from acyclic precursors. Aldolases appear to be useful catalysts for the construction of sugars through asymmeteric C-C bond formation. 2-deoxy-KDO, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-KDO, 9-0-acetyl sialic acid and several unusual sugars were prepared by a combined chemical and enzymatic approach. Alcohol dehydrogenases and lipases have been used in the preparation of chiral furans, hydroxyaldehydes, and glycerol acetonide which are useful as building blocks in carbohydrate synthesis. 

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