Glutathione conjugation and

Predict whether the following drugs/xenobiotics form glutathione conjugates and, if a conjugate is likely, draw its structure. 

Guengerich FP, Peterson LA, Cmarik JL, et al. 1987. Activation of dihaloalkanes by glutathione conjugation and formation of DMA adducts. Environ Health Perspect 76 15-18. 

Field, J.A. and Thurman, E.M. (1996) Glutathione conjugation and contaminant transformation. Environ. Sci. Technol.,... 

Cmarik, J.L., Inskeep, P.B., Meredith, M.J., Meyer, D.J., Ketterer, B. Guengerich, F.P. (1990) Selectivity of rat and human glutathione S-transferases in activation of ethylene dibromide by glutathione conjugation and DNA binding and induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in human hepatocytes. Cancer Res., 50, 2747-2752... 

Acetylation reactions catalyzed by acetyltransferase enzymes involve the attachment of the acetyl moiety, shown as the final step in glutathione conjugation and the production of a mercapturic acid conjugate in Figure 7.10. The cofactor upon which the acetyltransferase enzyme acts in acetylation is acetyl coenzyme A ... 

Because of its widespread industrial use and consequent worker exposure, the metabolism of acrylonitrile has been studied extensively.5 There are two major pathways of acrylonitrile metabolism in humans. The first of these produces a glutathione conjugate and is considered to be detoxification. The second pathway produces cyanoethylene oxide,... 

Figure 12.2. Interrelationships among Phase I (hydroxylation). Phase II (glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glutathione conjugation), and Phase III (ABC transporter-mediated efflux) detoxification processes leading to the inactivation and elimination of xenobiotics.

GSH, glutathione conjugate, and GSSG transport out of most cell types via plasma membrane transporters... 

Lowndes, H. E. Rutgers State University Glutathione conjugation and its role in neurotoxicity NIEHS... 

Keppler D, Leier I, Jedlitschky G. Transport of glutathione conjugates and glucuronides by the multidrug resistance proteins MRP1 and MRP2 (review). Biol Chem 1997 378 787-791. 

Chen, C., Hennig, G.E., and Manautou, J.E. (2003) Hepatobiliary excretion of acetaminophen glutathione conjugate and its derivatives in transport-deficient (TR ) hyperbilirubinemic rats. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 31 (6), 798-804. 

In the past decade, several aspects of xenobiotic conjugation have been studied In aquatic animals. This paper will summarize and review recent findings, with particular emphasis on glycosylation, glutathione conjugation and mercapturlc acid biosynthesis, and amino acid conjugation. 

In Vivo Studies of Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturlc Acid... 

Figure 6. Liver and kidney toxicity caused by chloroform is thought to result from phosgene, a metabolite which at low levels may be rendered harmless by glutathione conjugation and further metabolism to yeild 2-oxothia2olidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTZ).

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