Glutamic acid bacteria

L-Glutamic acid "glutamic acid bacteria" such as Corymb, glutamicum Brerib. Jlavum Brevib. lactojermentum Microb. ammoniaphilum wild penicillin is added, or biotm is limited >100, 50% 21... 

The impact of glutamic acid bacteria on monosodnim glutamate cost was dramatic. In 1950, MSG was obtained from natural products (i.e., soybean) and cost 4/kg. When the first fermentation process started up in 1961, the pnee dropped to 2/kg. By 1970 the price settled to about l/kg. and in 1983 approximately 220,000 tons of MSG/year were being produced by fermentation, worldwide, with a sales value of about 550 x 106. 

Kinoshita, S. Glutamic Acid Bacteria, in Biology of Industrial Microorganisms,... 

L-Glutamic acid Acetic acid, sugars. Glutamic acid bacteria... 

Katsumata R, Mizukami T, Ozaki A, Kikuchi Y, Kino K, Oka T, Furuya A (1987) Gene cloning in glutamic acid bacteria the system and its application. In Proc 4th European Congress Biotechnol, vol 4. Elsevier, p 767... 

A -acetyl-L-glutamine) "glutamic acid bacteria" L-Proline wild 20% ... 

In the 1950s, a group of coryneform bacteria which accumulate a large amount of L-glutamic acid in the culture medium were isolated (21). The use of mutant derivatives of these bacteria offered a new fermentation process for the production of many other kinds of amino acids (22). The amino acids which are produced by this method are mostiy of the T.-form, and the desired amino acid is singly accumulated. Therefore, it is very easy to isolate it from the culture broth. Rapid development of fermentative production and en2ymatic production have contributed to the lower costs of many protein amino acids and to their availabiUty in many fields as economical raw materials. 

There is another fundamental difference between folate utilization in microbial and mammalian cells. Bacteria and protozoa are unable to take up exogenous folate and must synthesize it themselves. This is carried out in a series of reactions involving first the synthesis of dihydropteroic acid from one molecule each of pteridine and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Glutamic acid is then added to form DHF which is reduced by DHFR to THF. Mammalian cells do not make their own DHF, instead they take it up firm dietary nutrients and convert it to THF using DHFR. 

Arnold, R. J. Reilly, J. P. Observation of tetrahydrofolyl-poly-glutamic acid in bacteria cells by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 2000,281,45-54. 

There is only a small selection of nonprotein amino acids that contain carbonyl groups in the form of ketone, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid moieties, as part of the side chain. The examples given in Table 6 are components of nonribosomal peptides isolated from bacteria or fungi and siderophores from bacteria. The biosynthesis of these amino acids is not clear however, some of the amino acids with carboxylic acid side chains may be traced back to the L-a-amino acids aspartic acid and glutamic acid. 

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