Glucoside hesperidin

These compounds are generally found in nature in the hydroxyl substituted form, to give such derivatives as quercetin, a flavonol derivative which in combination with glucose (as a glucoside) is to be found in many plants, or hesperitin, a flavanone derivative which is present in the lemon as a glucoside, hesperidin. 

Among aglycones, the best known are naringenin and hesperidin. Their glycosylated forms occur commonly as O- or C-glycosides, usually as rutinosides (6-O-a-L-rhamnosyl-D-glucosides) and neohesperidosides (2-O-a-L-rhamnosyl-D-glucosides) attached at position 7. Flavanones contribute to the flavour of citrus [19]. Table 12 reports the structures of some common flavanones. 

Narirutin-4 -glucoside, eriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, neoponcirin... 

Although the search for enzymes to convert flavanone glycosides to dihydrochalcones has not been successful (195) and the chemical conversion is facile (193, 196), several possibilities for enzymatic modification exist besides conversion of hesperidin to hesperetin-7-glucoside. Conversion of naringin (or its dihydrochalcone) to neohesperidin (or its dihydrochalcone) by enzymatic hydroxylation and chemical methylation and enzymatic rhamnosylation of hesperetin-7-glucoside or its dihydrochalcone at the 2 position (197) would yield neohesperidin dihydrochalcone. 

A similar surface crystallization of glucoside occurs in freeze damaged oranges, when hesperidin specks appear on carpellary membranes ( 15). In limited work with pectinase peeled oranges, no crystallization of hesperidin occurred in segments during storage. 

Querdtrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, rutin, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside (=avicularin) Myricetin-3-O-galactoside and -digalactosidc Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and rhamnoside Isorhamnetin-3-O-galactaside, hesperidin Chlorogenic and caffeic acid... 

Verbasci flos (5). Two almo.st equally concentrated flavonoid glycosides are found at Rp 0.60 and 0.75 (e.g. apigenin and luteolin glucoside). The green hesperidin zone at Rf 0.45 is more easily detectable witli NP than with NP/PEG reagent (see Fig. 3). 

Flavonoids are also present. De Laurentis et al. [34] isolated and identified a series of flavonoid compounds from the dried leaves of blooming cultivars of O. europaea hesperidin, rutin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin, kaempferol... 

Fig. (6). HPLC chromatogram of lemon juice phenolics (1) eriocitrin, (2) diosmetin 6,8-di-C-glucoside, (3) hesperidin, and (4) diosmetin 6-C-glucoside. HPLC conditions RP C g column (12 X 0.4 cm particle size 5 (im). Mobile phase acidified water (5% formic acid) (A) and methanol (B). Gradient 0 min- 10% B, 30 min- 40% B, 40 min- 80% B. Flow rate 1 mL/min.

However, in the lemon when it is ripe, a demethylation of hesperidin takes place and eriodictyol is formed and it is the glucoside of this latter substance which is chiefly found in the ripe fruit. 

Q, quercetin I, isorhamnetin K, kaempferol L, luteolin N, naringenin H, hesperidin A, apigenin Ac, acacetin D, diosmetin E, eriodictyol Glu, glucoside rut, rutinoside glue, glucuionide gly, glucoside. 

A sweet compound can be obtained from the neutral-tasting hesperidin of oranges by first converting hesperidin to another neutraltasting compound, hesperidin dihydrochalcone. The latter can then be hydrolyzed, by acidic or enzymatic catalysis, to remove the rhamnose residue, yielding hesperidin dihydrochalcone glucoside, which is sweet. The use of dihydrochalcones as sweeteners is discussed in Section 8.8.11. 

Contains 0.3-2% volatile oil hyssopin (a glucoside) syringoylglycerol glucosides 5-8% tannin flavonoid glycosides (5-6% hesperidin and 3-6% diosmin) sterols and triterpenes ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, stig-masterol, 3-sitosterol marrubiin (a bitter substance, see horehound) a polysaccharide (MAR-10) resin, gum, and others (karrer ... 

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