Glucose insulin regulation

Insulin regulates the amount of glucose (a sugar) in the blood. When the body does not have enough insulin, blood sugar levels go up. The body also starts burning fat in an uncontrolled manner. 

Figure 1-12-1. Insulin Regulation of Glucose Transport in Muscle and Adipose Cells...

C. Blood glucose is regulated by the hormones insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine. 

Lefrancois-Martinez, A.M., Diaz-Guerra, M.J., Vallet, V., Kahn, A. and Antoine, B. (1994) Glucose-dependent regulation of the L-pyruvate kinase gene in a hepatoma cell line is independent of insulin and cyclic AMP. FASEB. J., 8, 89-96. 

If the oscillations derive from an instability in the insulin-glucose feedback regulation, where do we find the delay that can produce such an instability ... 

We would like to acknowledge many years of fruitful collaboration with Jeppe Sturis and Kenneth Polonsky in the area of insulin-glucose feedback regulation. Christian Binder provided the clinical results applied in our analysis of insulin absorption from subcutus. Brian Lading, Yuri Maistrenko, and Sergiy Yanchuk contributed to our study of bifurcation and synchronization phenomena in pancreatic -cells. 

The analysis reveals that the glucose-insulin control system functions as a regulator of the flux of nutrients - not only glucose - between the different organs in a smooth, controlled manner. In this control, the nervous system has an important... 

Glucose is the carbohydrate that is transported in the blood to individual cells. The hormone insulin regulates the level of glucose in the blood. Diabetes is a common disease that results from a deficiency of insulin, resulting in increased glucose levels in the blood and other metabolic abnormalities. Insulin injections control glucose levels. 

The possibility that insulin regulates utilization of D-glucose for the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides in the ground substance of connective tissues was explored by Schiller and Dorfman (S3). Incorporation of sodium acetate-C into hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate in the skins of alloxan-diabetic rats was found to be approximately one third of that in the skins of either normal or partially fasted animals. These data suggest that synthesis of connective tissue mucopolysaccharides is inhibited in insulin-deficient animals. 

Other metabolic effects. In addition to enabling glucose to pass across cell membranes, the transit of amino acids and potassium into the cell is enhanced. Insulin regulates carbohydrate utilisation and energy production. It enhances protein synthesis. It inhibits breakdown of fats (lipolysis). An insulin-deficient diabehc (Type 1) becomes dehydrated due to osmotic diuresis, and is ketotic because fats break down faster than the ketoacid metabolites can be metabolised. 

Khan, A. H., and Pessin, J. E. 2002. Insulin regulation of glucose uptake A complex interplay of intracellular. signalling pathways. Diahetologia 4. 1475-1483. 

Figure 4.8). The molecular weight is around 6.8 kDa. Insulin regulates the blood glucose level to within a narrow range of 3.5-8.0 mmol/L of blood. 

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