Glucose in foods

The NMKL (1997c) described an enzymatic method for determination of starch and glucose in foods that was validated in a collaborative study. Starch was... 

Englyst, K. N., Englyst, H. N., Hudson, G. J., Cole, T. J., Cummings, J. H. (1999). Rapidly available glucose in foods an in vitro measurement that reflects the glycemic response. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69, 448 54. 

Finally, Mannino [194] reported the on-line monitoring of glucose in food samples by a microdialysis bioreactor realized by immobilizing the GOD onto the tungsten wire inserted into the lumen of a linear microdialysis probe. 

The enzyme glucose oxidase is used for quantitative and enzymatic determination of the glucose in food and other materials. The enzyme glucose oxidase test is widely used because it is cheap, stable, and by its specificity well established for glucose. 

Adverse effects of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis are extremely rare [3]. Radiopharmaceuticals for therapy may have adverse effects, for example bone marrow depression if used for treatment of bone metastases. Radiopharmaceuticals can interact with other (non-radioactive) medicines given to the same patient [4]. Food and glucose in food can disturb the quality of certain types of imaging (interaction of glucose (dextrose) with F-FDG in PET imaging). 

Bulk Enzymes. Enzymes such as proteases, amylases, glucose isomerases, and rennin are used in food processing. Similarly proteases and Hpases are used in detergents. CeUulases and xylanases are used in the paper pulp industry. The genes for most of the enzymes used in the various commercial processes have been cloned and overexpressed. Rennin (chymosin) produced from E. coli and A. nigerhas been approved by FDA for use in the dairy industry. 

Early applications of crystalline fructose focused on foods for special dietary applications, primarily calorie reduction and diabetes control. The latter application sought to capitalize on a signiftcandy lower serum glucose level and insulin response in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes melUtus (21,22) and insulin-dependent diabetes (23). However, because fmctose is a nutritive sweetener and because dietary fmctose conversion to glucose in the hver requires insulin in the same way as dietary glucose or sucrose, recommendations for its use are the same as for other nutritive sugars (24). Review of the health effects of dietary fmctose is available (25). 

D-Glucitol, the alditol produced by reduction of D-glucose, is itself a naturally occurring substance present in many fruits and berries. It is used under its alternative name, D-sorbitol, as a sweetener and sugar substitute in foods. 

When you eat starchy foods, they are broken down into glucose by enzymes. The process starts in your mouth with the enzyme amylase found in saliva. This explains why, if you chew a piece of bread long enough, it starts to taste sweet The breakdown of starch molecules continues in other parts of the digestive system. Within 1 to 4 hours after eating, all the starch in food is converted into glucose. 

Glucose is the most important carbohydrate in mammalian biochemistry because nearly all carbohydrate in food is converted to glucose for metabohsm. 

Since anthocyaifins acylated with aliphatic acids are sensitive to acids, as verified, for example, in fruits of R suberosa when extracted with methanol containing 0.1% HCl," their occurrence in foods may be underestimated. Malonyl acylation in glucose at its position 6 was found in anthocyanins from blood... 

Cavia, M. M., Fernandez-Muino, M. A., Gomez-Alonso, E., Montes-Perez, M. Huidobro, J. F., and Sancho, M. T. (2002). Evolution of fructose and glucose in honey over one year Influence of induced granulation. Food Client. 78,157-161. 

The most common hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives are p-coumaric (4-hydroxy-cinnamic), caffeic (3,4-dyhydroxycinnamic), ferulic (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic), and sinapic (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamic) acids, which frequently occur in foods as simple esters with quinic acid or glucose (Mattila and Kumpulainen 2002). 

However, most patients are not sufficiently predictable in their schedule and food intake to allow tight glucose control with this approach. If the fasting glucose in the morning is too high, the evening NPH dose may be moved to bedtime (now three total injections per day). This may provide sufficient intensification of therapy for some patients. 

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