Glucose hydration

S. Bociek and F. Franks, Proton exchange in aqueous solutions of glucose - hydration of carbohydrates, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I, 1979, 75, 262-270. 

Manuf on a large scale from starch. Below 50°, a-i>glucose hydrate is the stable ciyst. form while above 50° the anhyd. form is obt. At higher temp. P-D-glucose is formed. 

Commercial dextrose products are produced in both dry and symp forms. Dry products are prepared by crysta11i2ation (qv) to either an anhydrous, DHnO, or hydrated, H20, form. These include dextrose hydrate [16824-90-17, anhydrous a-D-glucose [26655-34-5] (1), and anhydrous... 

The word carbohydrate derives historically from the fact that glucose, the first simple carbohydrate to be obtained pure, has the molecular formula C6H,206 and was originally thought to be a "hydrate of carbon, C6(Tl20)6." This view was soon abandoned, but the name persisted. Today, the term carbohydrate is used to refer loosely to the broad class of polyhydroxvlated aldehydes and ketones commonly called sugars. Glucose, also known as dextrose in medical work, is the most familiar example. 

Cellulose and starch are macromolecules with empirical formulas that resemble hydrated carbon, CX (H2 0)y, where x and y are integers. The monomers from which these macromolecules are consfructed are sugars such as glucose and fructose. These monomers and macromolecules are the carbohydrates. Structurally, carbohydrates are very different from simple combinations of carbon and water. Even the smallest carbohydrates contain carbon chains with hydrogen atoms, OH groups, and occasional ether linkages. 

The patient was admitted to the hospital with a presumptive diagnosis of health care-associated pneumonia (based on the recent hospitalization). He received intravenous hydration with normal saline, 5 L oxygen via face mask, an insulin infusion to control his glucose, and empirical antimicrobial therapy with piperacillin-tazobactam 2.25 g intravenously every 6 hours and vancomycin 1 g intravenously every 24 hours. All other medications are continued with the exception of the diabetes medications. 

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